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Design patterns

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Why do we need them ?

Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software by E. Gamma, R. Helm, R. Johnson and J. Vlissides (the gang of four)

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  • Designing object oriented code is hard
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  • designing reusable object-oriented software is even harder!
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Code Design $=$ decomposition into objects


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  • Some objects have real world counterparts (e.g. objects of type planet)
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  • others don't (e.g. array, matrices, streams).
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Design requirements

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  • Solution specific to a problem
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  • General enough to address future problems
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  • Performance Issues
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  • Avoid/Minimize re-design
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  • Vocabulary for design ideas
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  • Minimize costs (development time)
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Reuse solutions

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  • Object-oriented organisation repeat patterns
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The design patterns

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  • Knowing the patterns $\Rightarrow$ quick application to your problems
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  • Help to produce more reusable systems
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  • Design patterns names $\Rightarrow$ vocabulary for team work
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Motto: Designing for change
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Design patterns: What they are

Design patterns have four essential elements:

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  • Pattern name: associates problem with solutions&consequences
    $\Rightarrow$ Improves communication and documentation

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  • Problem: Scenario/conditions of when to apply a pattern

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  • Solution: Description of the arrangement of classes and objects

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  • Consequences: Results and trade-offs. (allows to know design alternatives)

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Remarks

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  • The appropriate design pattern depends on the programming language.
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  • Several design patterns are often combined together
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Design patterns pros&cons

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  • Pros:
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    • consider/evaluate different design solutions
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    • easier understanding of existing code (matching patterns)
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    • easier start of a project (using general design patterns)
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  • Cons:
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    • Strictly applying design patterns reduces creativity
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    • Standard solutions may not be applied (scientific programming is complex)
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      • New cases = new (more complex) solutions
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      • In high performance computing: optimization is a strong constraint
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Design patterns

A useful source of inspiration
+ but no bible! +
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Design patterns examples

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Iterator

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  • General description: Gives access to elements of a container without exposing its internal representation

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  • Our problem (Particles):

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    • Particles stored in an container
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    • Perform computations/IOs on the particles
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    • Traverse the container in different(random) ways
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    • Access elements without knowing the internal structure of the container (list, vector, set, ...)
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struct List {
+  using Element = Planet;
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+  // define a sub type
+  struct ListIterator;
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+  int size();
+  ListIterator begin();
+  ListIterator end();
+};
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+struct List::ListIterator {
+  Element &operator*();
+  void operator++();
+  bool operator!=(ListIterator &e);
+};
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struct List {
+  struct ListIterator;
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+  int size();
+  void add(Element e) { container.push_back(e); };
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+  ListIterator begin();
+  ListIterator end();
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+private:
+  std::vector<Element> container;
+};
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List::ListIterator List::begin() { //
+  return ListIterator(this->container[0]);
+};
+List::ListIterator List::end() { //
+  return ListIterator(this->container[this->size()]);
+};
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struct List::ListIterator {
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+  ListIterator(Element &current) { this->ptr = &current; }
+  Element &operator*() { return *this->ptr; };
+  void operator++() { ++this->ptr; };
+  bool operator!=(ListIterator e) { return e.ptr != this->ptr; };
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+private:
+  Element *ptr;
+};
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  • Consequences:
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    • Standardize container's interface
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    • Can vary how to traverse a container (different iterator types)
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    • Concurrent traversal of a container (double loop)
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  List list;
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+  for (auto &&v : list) {
+    std::cout << v << std::endl;
+  }
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Singleton

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  • General description: Ensure that a class has only one instance, and provides a global point of access

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  • Our problem (Particles):

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    • Only one container of particles
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    • Uniqueness enforced by the container himself
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    • Access the container of particles from everywhere (global)
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    • Contain planets or ping-pong balls (polymorphic)
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class Singleton {
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+private:
+  Singleton();
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+  friend Singleton &get();
+};
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Singleton *unique_instance = nullptr; // no encapsulation
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+Singleton &get() { // not part of Singleton::
+  if (unique_instance == nullptr)
+    unique_instance = new Singleton();
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+  return *unique_instance;
+}
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Static methods and static members (C++)

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  • static variable/member is a unique and permanent variable
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class A {
+public:
+  static int a;
+};
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+int A::a = 1;
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  • what happens when we do this ? and why ?
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  A a1;
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+  a1.a = 2; // also modifies a2.a
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  • static method applies with no instance
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class B {
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+  static int foo();
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  // do not need an instance to be called
+  B::foo();
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Static methods and static members (python)

class A:
+    # in the scope of the class
+    a = 1
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+    def __init__(self):
+        pass
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+a1 = A()
+a2 = A()
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+a1.a = 2 # also modifies a2.a
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  • static method applies with no instance
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class B :
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+    @staticmethod
+    def foo(cls):
+        print(cls)
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+# do not need an instance to be called
+B.foo()
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Singleton generic solution

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  • Consequences:
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    • controlled creation of the unique instance
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    • Transverse/global access to instance (with class name)
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    • Polymorphic behavior
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struct Particles {
+  static Particles &get();
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+private:
+  Particles();
+  static Particles obj;
+};
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+struct Planets : public Particles {
+  static Particles &get();
+};
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  Particles &obj = Planets::get();    // creation
+  Particles &obj2 = Particles::get(); // access
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Abstract Factory

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  • General description: Provides an interface for creating dependent/coherent objects +without specifying their concrete classes.

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  • Our problem (Particles)

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    • Particles code working for various particle types
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    • A run deals with a single particle type
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    • Other objects (IO, Compute) must be matching the (unique) particle type
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    • "Automatic" creation of all the objects
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  • Abstract Factory
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    • The system is independent of how the objects are created/composed
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    • Related objects are designed to be used together: needs to be enforced
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    • Objects are polymorphic (manipulated by interface)
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Example with Series

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  • Consequences:
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    • Isolating concrete/daughter classes
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    • Creating packages of objects made easy
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    • Promotes consistency among objects
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    • Supporting new kinds of objects is difficult (modify the creation routines)
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Generic description of particles code

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  • Scientific question: the trajectory of a set of particles.
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  • The different particles we want to be able to use are: Solar system planets, ping pong balls, nodes in a grid
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  • The motion of the particles is made with the Newmark/Velocity Verlet explicit integration scheme:

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    • $v_i = v_i + \frac{\Delta t}{2} a_i$
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    • $p_i = p_i + \Delta t v_i$
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    • Compute the forces $f_i$
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    • $a_i = \frac{1}{m_i} f_i$
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    • $v_i = v_i + \frac{\Delta t}{2} a_i$
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    $\forall$ particle $i$ with $v_i$ its velocity, $p_i$ its position, $f_i$ the force applying and $a_i$ its acceleration

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Different models

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  • in the particle's interaction forces:

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    • Gravitational force: $\mathbf{f}_i = \sum_{j \neq i} \frac{\mathcal{G}}{r_{ij}^2}\mathbf{d}_{ij}$
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    • Contact/interpenetration forces: $\mathbf{f}_i = \epsilon \sum_{j \neq i} \mathcal{C} \left( R_i + R_j - r_{ij} \right) \mathbf{d}_{ij}$
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    • Spring: $\mathbf{f}_i = \sum_{j \neq i} K \left( r_{ij}^0 - r_{ij} \right) \mathbf{d}_{ij}$
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    with $\mathbf{r}_{ij} = p_j - p_i$, $\mathbf{d}_{ij} = \frac{\mathbf{r}_{ij}}{r_{ij}}$, $R_i$ the radius and $K$ a spring stiffness.

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  • in their unit system: astronomical units (AU), SI units...

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  • in data: Some have radius/name, some dissipate energy, all have a mass, etc...
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Code design

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  • A single code $\Rightarrow$ Class hierarchy
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  • Containers for the particles
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  • Produce files for various formats
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  • Read initial system state from a restart file
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  • Vectorial/Matricial functions and operators (for convenience)
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Interactive session on class diagram

Generating the class diagram of the particle code.
Let's do that together !

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Family class for particles

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  • capable of representing, planets, ping-pong balls.
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  • we want vector algebra
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Other families

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  • IO family
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  • Compute family
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  • Factory family
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