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\title{Evolution of C++}
\author[N. Richart]{Nicolas Richart}
\date{\nth{15} of March 2022}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}[plain]
\titlepage
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{C with Classes}
\begin{itemize}
\item Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup
\item Started in 1979 in AT\&T Bell Labs
\item C compiler extended with ideas from Simula, Algol 68, Ada
\item New features
\begin{itemize}
\item classes
\item derived classes
\item public private members
\item strong typing (no undefined functions, static type checking, ...)
\item in-lining
\item default arguments
\end{itemize}
\item 1982 renamed to C++
\begin{itemize}
\item virtual functions
\item function name, operator overloading
\item references
\item constants
\item type-safe free-store memory allocation (new/delete)
\item improved type checking
\item single-line comments with two forward slashes (//)
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{C++ 2.0 and first standardization}
\begin{itemize}
\item C++ 2.0 in 1989
\begin{itemize}
\item multiple inheritance
\item abstract classes
\item static member functions
\item const member functions
\item protected members
\end{itemize}
\item 1991 further improvements
\begin{itemize}
\item templates
\item exceptions
\item namespaces
\item new casts
\item boolean type.
\end{itemize}
\item 1993 STL (standard template library) proposed by Alexander Stepanov
\begin{itemize}
\item containers
\item algorithms (for\_each, transform, sort, accumulate,...)
\end{itemize}
\item 1998 first standardization of the standard as ISO C++
\item Small correction in C++03
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Modern C++}
\begin{minipage}{0.44\linewidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item C++11 / C++14
\item Languages changes (selection):
\begin{itemize}
\item<2-> rvalue reference and move constructor (NRVO)
\item<3-> \code{constexpr} posibility of compile time optimizations
\item<4-> type inference (\code{auto}, \code{decltype})
\item<5-> range-based for loop
\item<6-> lambda functions
\item<7-> strongly typed enumerations
\item<8-> variadic templates
\item<9-> user defined literals
\item<10-> \code{default}, \code{delete}, \code{override} and \code{final}
\item<11-> right angle bracket
\end{itemize}
\item Library changes (selection):
\begin{itemize}
\item<12-> tuple types
\item<13-> static array type
\item<14-> hash tables
\item<15-> smart pointers (RAII)
\item<16-> type traits (SFINEA)
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{minipage}
\hfill
\begin{minipage}{0.55\linewidth}
\begin{overprint}
\onslide<2>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{rvalue}
MyClass && m;
\end{cxxcode}
\begin{cxxcode}{move constructor}
MovableClass & operator=(MovableClass && m);
\end{cxxcode}
\begin{cxxcode}{NRVO or move}
MyClass f() {
MyClass tmp;
// do something with tmp
return tmp;
}
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\onslide<3>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{constexpr pow}
constexpr double pow(double x, int n) {
double p = 1.;
for(int i =0; i < n; ++i) p *= x;
return p;
}
constexpr double pi_2 = pow(std::atan(1.) * 4., 2);
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\onslide<4>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
// C++03
std::vector<int>::const_iterator it = vector.begin();
// C++11
auto it = vector.begin();
decltype(it) it2;
// C++14
auto deduceReturnType();
decltype(auto) deduceReturnTypeMaybeRef();
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\onslide<5>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
for(auto & v: vector) {
// do something with v
}
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\onslide<6>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
// C++03
bool ComparePairs(std::pair<int, int> & a, std::pair<int, int> &b) {
return a.first < b.second;
}
std::sort(vector.begin(), vector.end(), ComparePairs);
// C++11
std::sort(vector.begin(), vector.end(),
[](std::pair<int, int> & a, std::pair<int, int> &b) {
return a.first < b.second;
});
// C++14
std::sort(vector.begin(), vector.end(),
[](auto & a, auto & b) {
return a.first < b.second;
});
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\onslide<7>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
enum class Colors {
blue,
red,
green,
};
Colors color = Colors::blue;
int fail = Colors::red; // not valid
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\onslide<8>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
template<class... Ts>
void variadicFunction(Ts... ts);
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\onslide<9>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
auto speed = 10._m / 1._s;
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\onslide<10>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
struct A {
~A() = default;
A & operator()(const A & other) = delete;
virtual void methodA();
virtual void methodB();
};
struct B : public A{
void methodA() override;
void methodB() final;
// generates a warning
void methodA(int i) override;
};
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\onslide<11>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
// C++03 >> is only the shift operator
std::vector< std::pair<int, int> > vect;
// C++11
std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> vect;
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
%% Library
\onslide<12>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
// extension of the pair to a n-tuple
template<typename... Ts> class tuple;
// example
std::tuple<int, int, int> coords;
// example usage
x, y, z = std::tie(coords);
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\onslide<13>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
// extension of the pair to a n-tuple
template<typename T, std::size_t N> class array;
// C++03
double A[N];
// C++11
std::array<double, N> A;
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\onslide<14>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
// C++03 and C++11
template<typename Key, typename Value> std::map;
// insertion O(log n) access O(log n)
// C++11
template<typename Key, typename Value>
std::unordered_map;
// insertion O(1), access O(1) if the hash<Key> function is 'correct'
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\onslide<15>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
template<typename T> shared_ptr;
template<typename T> unique_ptr;
// RAII (resource acquisition is initialization)
auto sptr = std::make_shared<A>(args...);
auto uptr = std::make_unique<A>(args...); // C++14
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\onslide<16>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
// example of type traits
bool a = std::is_arithmetic<type>::value;
bool s = std::is_same<T, int>::value;
// SFINEA (substitution failure is not an error)
template<typename T,
std::enable_if_t<std::is_arithmetic<T>::value> * = nullptr>
T myFunction(const T & t); // version 1
template<typename T,
std::enable_if_t<not std::is_arithmetic<T>::value> * = nullptr>
T myFunction(const T & t); // version 2
auto a = myFunction(1.); // calls version 1
auto s = myFunction("hello"); // calls version 2
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\end{overprint}
\end{minipage}
\onslide<1>\addimage[width=3.7cm]{images/C++11}{11}{.4}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Moderner ? C++}
\begin{minipage}{0.44\linewidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item C++17
\item Languages changes (selection):
\begin{itemize}
\item<1-> compile time static if
\item<2-> structure binding
\item<3-> initializer in if and switch
\item<4-> class template argument deduction (CTAD)
\end{itemize}
\item Library changes (selection):
\begin{itemize}
\item<5-> any, variants and optional
\item<6-> new algorithms
\item<7-> filesystem
\item<8-> parallelism
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{minipage}
\hfill
\begin{minipage}{0.55\linewidth}
\begin{overprint}
\onslide<1>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
if constexpr (/* test at compile time */) {}
// example
if contexpr (std::is_base_of_v<MyBaseClass, declype(obj)>) {
obj.memberMyBaseClass();
}
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\onslide<2>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
for(auto [key, value] : map) {
}
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\onslide<3>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
if (auto * p = dynamic_cast<MyClass *>(obj); p != nullptr) {
p->memberOfMyClass();
}
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\onslide<4>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
// C++14
std::pair<int, int> p{1, 1};
// or
auto p = std::make_pair(1, 1);
// C++17
std::pair p{1, 1};
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\onslide<5>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
std::variant<int, double> v;
// v contains either a double or an int
v = 10;
auto d = std::get<double>(v); // will throw
\end{cxxcode}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
auto myFunction(int a) {
if (a == 0) {
return std::optional<std::string>("OK");
}
return std::nullopt;
}
auto o = myFunction(a);
// test with o.has_value();
\end{cxxcode}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
std::any a;
a = 1; // a is an int
a = 10.; // a is a double
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\onslide<6>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
std::reduce();
std::exclusive_scan();
std::transform_reduce(); // the most generic algorithm
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\onslide<7>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
auto f = std::filesystem::path("/home/richart/test")
if(std::is_regular_file(f)) {
fstream.open(f);
// do something with fstream
}
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\onslide<8>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
// sequential
std::execution::sequenced_policy seq;
// parallel
std::execution::parallel_policy par;
// parallel and/or vectorized
std::execution::parallel_unsequenced_policy par_unseq{};
// How to use it
std::transform(std::par_unseq, it, end, op);
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\end{overprint}
\end{minipage}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[fragile]
\frametitle{Now a day C++}
\begin{minipage}{0.44\linewidth}
\begin{itemize}
\item C++20
\item Languages changes (selection):
\begin{itemize}
\item<1-> concepts
\item<2-> modules
\item<3-> coroutine
\end{itemize}
\item Library changes (selection):
\begin{itemize}
\item<4-> ranges
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{minipage}
\hfill
\begin{minipage}{0.55\linewidth}
\begin{overprint}
\onslide<1>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
// concept
template<class T>
concept Arithmetic = std::is_arithmetic<T>::value>;
// requires
template<typename T,
std::enable_if_t<std::is_arithmetic<T>::value> * = nullptr>
T myFunction(const T & t); // C++11
template<class T>
requires Arithmetic<T>
T myFunction(const T & t); // C++20
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\onslide<2>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
// C++17
#include <iostream>
// C++20
import <iostream>
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\onslide<3>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
co_yield;
co_return;
co_await;
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\onslide<4>
\begin{minipage}{\linewidth}
\begin{cxxcode}{}
auto const ints = {0,1,2,3,4,5};
auto even = [](int i) { return 0 == i % 2; };
auto square = [](int i) { return i * i; };
// "pipe" syntax of composing the views:
for (int i : ints | std::views::filter(even) | std::views::transform(square)) {
std::cout << i << ' ';
}
// 0 4 16
\end{cxxcode}
\end{minipage}
\end{overprint}
\end{minipage}
\end{frame}
\end{document}
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