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R2653/teaching/COM303/2016/lectures/16 - quantization oversampling/3_oversampling.tex
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\documentclass[aspectratio=169]{beamer}
\def\stylepath{../styles}
\usepackage{\stylepath/com303}
\begin{document}
\begin{frame} \frametitle{1bps oversampling}
\begin{figure}
\center %\small
\begin{dspBlocks}{.4}{0.3}
$x[n]$~~ & \BDfilterMulti{$K$-times\\ oversampling} & & \BDfilterMulti{$1$-bit\\ quantizer} & & \BDfilter{D/A} & ~~$x_c(t)$ \\
$R$ bps, $F_s$ & & $R$ bps, $KF_s$ & & $1$ bps, $KF_s$
\psset{linewidth=1.5pt}
\ncline{-}{1,1}{1,2}
\ncline{->}{1,2}{1,4}\taput{$~~~~~x_{K}[n]$}
\ncline[linestyle=dashed]{->}{1,4}{1,6}\taput{$~~~~~\hat{x}_{\mathrm{1B}}[n]$}
\ncline{->}{1,6}{1,7}
\end{dspBlocks}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame} \frametitle{Sigma-Delta ADC}
\begin{figure}
\center %\small
\begin{dspBlocks}{.6}{0.5}
$x(t)$~~ & \BDfilter{$H(f)$} & \BDsamplerFramed[0.5em] & \BDfilter{$\Sigma\Delta$} & \BDfilter{$H(z)$} & \BDdwsmp{K} & ~~$x[n]$ \\
$F_s$-BL & $f_c < KF_s/2$ & $KF_s$ & & $\omega_c = \pi/K$ & & $F_s$
\psset{linewidth=1.5pt}
\ncline{->}{1,1}{1,2}\ncline{->}{1,2}{1,3}\ncline{->}{1,3}{1,4}\Aput[2em]{$x_K[n]$}
\ncline{->}{1,4}{1,5}\Aput[2em]{$x_\mathrm{1B}[n]$}
\ncline{->}{1,5}{1,6}\ncline{->}{1,6}{1,7}
\end{dspBlocks}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame} \frametitle{Sigma-Delta DAC}
\begin{figure}
\center %\small
\begin{dspBlocks}{.6}{0.5}
$x[n]$~~ & \BDupsmp{K} & \BDfilter{$H(z)$} & \BDfilter{$\Sigma\Delta$} & \BDfilter{ZOH} & \BDfilter{$H(f)$} & ~~$x(t)$ \\
$F_s$ & $\omega_c = \pi/K$ & $KF_s$ & & $KF_s$ & $f_c = F_s/2$
\psset{linewidth=1.5pt}
\ncline{->}{1,1}{1,2}\ncline{->}{1,2}{1,3}\ncline{->}{1,3}{1,4}\Aput[2em]{$x_K[n]$}
\ncline{->}{1,4}{1,5}\Aput[2em]{$x_\mathrm{1B}[n]$}
\ncline{->}{1,5}{1,6}\ncline{->}{1,6}{1,7}
\end{dspBlocks}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\newcommand{\BDthreshold}[1][0.53em]{%
\newskip\tmpLen \tmpLen=#1%
\raisebox{-1.5\tmpLen}{%
\psframebox[linewidth=\BDwidth]{%
\psset{unit=#1,linearc=0,linewidth=1.5pt}%
\pspicture(-3.1,-2)(3,2)%
\psline[linewidth=0.5pt]{-}(-2,0)(2,0)%
\psline{-}(-1.5,-1.6)(0,-1.6)(0,1.6)(1.5,1.6)
\endpspicture}}}
\begin{frame} \frametitle{delta modulator}
\begin{figure}
\center %\small
\begin{dspBlocks}{1.5}{1}
$x[n]$~~ & \BDsub & \BDthreshold & \BDsplit & ~$~~y[n]$ \\
~ & & \BDfilter{$H(z)$} & &
\psset{linewidth=1.5pt}
\ncline{->}{1,1}{1,2}\ncline{->}{1,2}{1,3}\ncline{->}{1,3}{1,5}\taput{$\tau~~~~~~~~~~$}
\ncline{-}{1,4}{2,4}\ncline{2,4}{2,3}\ncline{-}{2,3}{2,2}\ncline{->}{2,2}{1,2}
\end{dspBlocks}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame} \frametitle{sigma delta modulator}
\begin{figure}
\center %\small
\begin{dspBlocks}{1}{1}
$x[n]$~~ & \BDfilter{$H(z)$} & \BDsub & \BDthreshold & \BDsplit & ~$~~y[n]$ \\
~ & & & \BDfilter{$H(z)$} & &
\psset{linewidth=1.5pt}
\ncline{->}{1,1}{1,2}\ncline{->}{1,2}{1,3}\ncline{->}{1,3}{1,4}\ncline{->}{1,4}{1,6}
\ncline{-}{1,5}{2,5}\ncline{2,5}{2,4}\ncline{-}{2,4}{2,3}\ncline{->}{2,3}{1,3}
\end{dspBlocks}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame} \frametitle{1st order sigma delta}
\begin{figure}
\center %\small
\begin{dspBlocks}{1}{1.3}
$x_K[n]$~~ & \BDsub & \BDfilter{$H(z)$} & \BDthreshold & \BDsplit & ~$~~\hat{x}_{\mathrm{1B}}[n]$ \\
~ & & & &
\psset{linewidth=1.5pt}
\ncline{->}{1,1}{1,2}\ncline{->}{1,2}{1,3}\ncline{->}{1,3}{1,4}\ncline{-}{1,4}{1,5}\ncline{->}{1,5}{1,6}
\ncline{-}{1,5}{2,5}\ncline{-}{2,5}{2,2}\ncline{->}{2,2}{1,2}
\end{dspBlocks}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame} \frametitle{linearized sigma delta}
\begin{figure}
\center %\small
\begin{dspBlocks}{1}{1}
& & & $e[k]$ \\
$x_K[n]$~~ & \BDsub & \BDfilter{$H(z)$} & \BDadd & \BDsplit & ~$~~\hat{x}_{\mathrm{1B}}[n]$ \\
~ & & & &
\psset{linewidth=1.5pt}
\ncline{->}{2,1}{2,2}\ncline{->}{2,2}{2,3}\ncline{->}{2,3}{2,4}\ncline{-}{2,4}{2,5}\ncline{->}{2,5}{2,6}
\ncline{-}{2,5}{3,5}\ncline{-}{3,5}{3,2}\ncline{->}{3,2}{2,2}
\ncline{->}{1,4}{2,4}
\end{dspBlocks}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame} \frametitle{2nd order sigma delta}
\begin{figure}
\center %\small
\begin{dspBlocks}{0.7}{1.3}
$x_K[n]$~~ & \BDsub & \BDfilter{$H(z)$} & \BDsub & \BDfilter{$H(z)$} & \BDthreshold & \BDsplit & ~$\hat{x}_{\mathrm{1B}}[n]$ \\
~ & & & \BDsplit & & & &
\psset{linewidth=1.5pt}
\ncline{->}{1,1}{1,2}\ncline{->}{1,2}{1,3}\ncline{->}{1,3}{1,4}\ncline{->}{1,4}{1,5}\ncline{->}{1,5}{1,6}\ncline{->}{1,6}{1,8}
\ncline{-}{1,7}{2,7}\ncline{-}{2,7}{2,2}\ncline{->}{2,2}{1,2}\ncline{->}{2,4}{1,4}
\end{dspBlocks}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Basic setup}
\setbeamercovered{invisible}
\begin{figure}[t]
\center %\small
\begin{dspBlocks}{1.5}{0.3}
$x_c(t)$~~ & \BDsamplerFramed[0.5em] & \BDfilter{$H(z)$} & \BDsinc[0.5em] & ~~$y_c(t)$ \\
& $T_s$ & & $T_s$ \\
\psset{linewidth=1.5pt}
\ncline{-}{1,1}{1,2}
\ncline{->}{1,2}{1,3}\only<4->{\taput{$x[n]$}}
\ncline{->}{1,3}{1,4}\only<5->{\taput{$y[n]$}}
\ncline{->}{1,4}{1,5}
\only<2->{
\psset{unit=1em}%\psgrid(40,20)
\psframe[linecolor=darkred,framearc=.3,linestyle=dashed](4,0.5)(27,8)
\dspText(27.5,0.5){\color{darkred}~$H_c(j\Omega)$}}
\end{dspBlocks}
\end{figure}
\vspace{2em}
\uncover<3->{
assume $x_c(t)$ is $\Omega_N$-bandlimited:
\begin{itemize}
\item<4-> $X(e^{j\omega}) = \frac{1}{T_s}X_c\left(j\frac{\omega}{T_s}\right)$
\item<5-> $Y(e^{j\omega}) = X(e^{j\omega})\,H(e^{j\omega})$
\item<6-> $Y_c(j\Omega) = T_s\,Y(e^{j\Omega T_s})$
\end{itemize}}
\end{frame}
\end{document}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Oversampling}
\begin{itemize}[<+->]
\item oversampled A/D
\begin{itemize}[<+->]
\item reduce quantization error
\end{itemize}
\vspace{2em}
\item oversampled D/A
\begin{itemize}[<+->]
\item use cheaper hardware for interpolation
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Oversampled A/D}
\begin{figure}
\begin{dspBlocks}{0.7}{0.2}
$x(t)$~ & \BDsampler & \BDfilter{$\mathcal{Q}\{\cdot\}$} & ~$\hat{x}[n]$ \\
& $T = T_s$
\psset{linewidth=1.5pt}
\ncline{-}{1,1}{1,2} \ncline{1,2}{1,3}
\ncline{->}{1,3}{1,4}
\end{dspBlocks}
\end{figure}
\vspace{2em}
\[
\hat{x}[n] = x[n] + e[n]
\]
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Oversampled A/D}
Key assumptions:
\[
e[n] \mbox{~i.i.d. process, {\color{darkred} independent of $x[n]$}}
\]
\pause
\[
P_e(e^{j\omega}) = \frac{\Delta^2}{12} \qquad \mbox{over $[-\pi,\pi]$ (no aliasing)}
\]
\vspace{1em}
\pause
Key observation:
\[
X(e^{j\omega}) = \frac{1}{T_s}\,X\left(j\frac{\omega}{T_s}\right)
\]
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Oversampled A/D}
\begin{figure}
\begin{dspPlot}[xtype=freq,xticks=4]{-1,1}{0,4.1}
\moocStyle \psset{linecolor=blue!80}
\psline[linewidth=2pt,linecolor=gray](-1,0.4)(1,0.4)
\psframe[linewidth=0pt,fillstyle=vlines,hatchcolor=gray](-1,0.4)(1,0)
\only<1>{\dspFunc{x \dspPorkpie{0}{1} 1.5 mul } \dspText(0.5,3){$T_s=\pi/\Omega_N$}}
\only<2>{\dspFunc{x \dspPorkpie{0}{.5} 2 mul} \dspText(0.5,3){$T'_s=T_s/2$}}
\only<3>{\dspFunc{x \dspPorkpie{0}{.333333} 3 mul} \dspText(0.5,3){$T'_s=T_s/3$}}
\only<4->{\dspFunc{x \dspPorkpie{0}{.25} 4 mul} \dspText(0.5,3){$T'_s=T_s/4$}}
\only<5->{\dspFunc[linecolor=green,linestyle=dashed]{x \dspRect{0}{0.5} } }
\end{dspPlot}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Oversampled A/D}
\begin{figure}
\begin{dspPlot}[xtype=freq,xticks=4]{-1,1}{0,4.1}
\moocStyle \psset{linecolor=blue!80}
\psline[linewidth=2pt,linecolor=gray](-1,0.1)(1,0.1)
\psframe[linewidth=0pt,fillstyle=vlines,hatchcolor=gray](-1,0.1)(1,0)
\dspFunc{x \dspPorkpie{0}{1} 1.5 mul }
\dspText(-.5,3){after downsampling by 4:}
\end{dspPlot}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Oversampled A/D}
\begin{figure}
\begin{dspBlocks}{0.7}{0.2}
$x(t)$~ & \BDsampler & \BDfilter{$\mathcal{Q}\{\cdot\}$} & \BDfilter{LP$\{\pi/N\}$} & \BDdwsmp{$N$} & $x[n]$ \\
& $T = T_s/N$
\psset{linewidth=1.5pt}
\ncline{-}{1,1}{1,2} \ncline{1,2}{1,3}
\ncline{1,3}{1,4}\ncline{1,4}{1,5}
\ncline{->}{1,5}{1,6}
\end{dspBlocks}
\end{figure}
\vspace{1em}
\begin{itemize}
\item $\mbox{SNR}_{O} \approx N\,\mbox{SNR}$
\item 3dB per octave (doubling of $F_s$)
\item but key assumption (independence) breaks down fast...
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\intertitle{Oversampled D/A}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Oversampled D/A}
Sinc interpolation:
\[
X_c(j\Omega) = \frac{\pi}{\Omega_N}\,X(e^{j\pi \Omega/\Omega_N}) \rect\left(\frac{\Omega}{2\Omega_N}\right)
%X(j\Omega) = T_s\,X(e^{j\Omega T_s}) I\left(T_s\,\frac{\Omega}{2\pi}\right)
\]
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Sinc interpolation}
\begin{center}
\begin{figure}
\only<1->{
\begin{dspPlot}[height=2.1cm,xtype=freq,yticks=1,ylabel={$X(e^{j\omega})$}]{-1,1}{0,1.2}
\moocStyle \psset{linecolor=blue!80}
\dspFunc{x \dspPorkpie{0}{0.95}}
\end{dspPlot}}
\only<2->{
\begin{dspPlot}[height=2.1cm,xtype=freq,xticks=custom,yticks=1,]{0,6}{0,1.2}
\moocStyle
\dspCustomTicks[axis=x]{0 0 1 $\Omega_N$ 2 $2\Omega_N$ 4 $4\Omega_N$ 6 $6\Omega_N$}
\only<2-3>{\dspFunc{x \dspPeriodize \dspPorkpie{0}{0.95}} \dspText(3,-.6){$X(e^{j\pi\Omega/\Omega_N})$} }
\only<3>{\dspFunc[linecolor=green,linestyle=dashed]{x \dspRect{0}{2}} }
\only<4->{\dspFunc{x \dspPorkpie{0}{0.95}} \dspText(3,-.6){$X_c(j\Omega)$} }
\end{dspPlot}}
\end{figure}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Oversampled D/A}
In general:
\[
X_c(j\Omega) = \frac{\pi}{\Omega_N}\,X(e^{j\pi \Omega/\Omega_N})\, I\left(j\pi\frac{\Omega}{\Omega_N}\right)
\]
\pause
The cheapest (hence most common) interpolator:
\[
i(t) = \rect(t)
\]
\[
I(j\Omega) = \sinc\left(\frac{\Omega}{2\pi}\right)
\]
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{ZOH interpolation}
\begin{center}
\begin{figure}
\only<1->{
\begin{dspPlot}[height=2.1cm,xtype=freq,yticks=1,ylabel={$X(e^{j\omega})$}]{-1,1}{0,1.2}
\moocStyle \psset{linecolor=blue!80}
\dspFunc{x \dspPorkpie{0}{0.95}}
\end{dspPlot}}
\only<2->{
\begin{dspPlot}[height=2.1cm,xtype=freq,xticks=custom,yticks=1,]{0,6}{0,1.2}
\moocStyle
\dspCustomTicks[axis=x]{0 0 1 $\Omega_N$ 2 $2\Omega_N$ 4 $4\Omega_N$ 6 $6\Omega_N$}
\only<2-3>{\dspFunc{x \dspPeriodize \dspPorkpie{0}{0.95}} \dspText(3,-.6){$X(e^{j\pi\Omega/\Omega_N})$} }
\only<3>{\dspFunc[linecolor=green!80,linestyle=dashed]{x \dspSinc{0}{2} abs } }
\only<4->{\dspFunc{x \dspPeriodize \dspPorkpie{0}{0.95} x \dspSinc{0}{2} abs mul} \dspText(3,-.6){$X_c(j\Omega)$} }
\only<5->{\dspFunc[linecolor=orange!80,linestyle=dashed]{x 1 ge {0} {1 x \dspSinc{0}{2} abs div 0.7 mul} ifelse} }
\end{dspPlot}}
\end{figure}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Oversampled A/D}\
key problems:
\begin{itemize}
\item we need to undo the in-band distortion in the analog domain
\item we have a significant out-of-band distortion
\item only advantage: minimal D/A rate
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Oversampled D/A}
consider a $K$-upsampled and interpolated version of $x[n]$:
\[
X_{K}(e^{j\omega}) = X(e^{j\omega K})\rect\left(\frac{\omega K}{2\pi}\right) \qquad \mbox{$2\pi$-periodic}
\]
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Oversampled D/A}
\begin{center}
\begin{figure}
\only<1->{
\begin{dspPlot}[height=2.1cm,xtype=freq,yticks=1,ylabel={$X_{2U}(e^{j\omega})$}]{-1,1}{0,1.2}
\moocStyle \psset{linecolor=blue!80}
\only<1>{\dspFunc{x \dspPorkpie{0}{0.95}}}
\only<2-3>{
\dspFunc[linecolor=lightgray]{x 2 mul \dspPeriodize \dspPorkpie{0}{0.95}}
\dspFunc{x 2 mul \dspPorkpie{0}{0.95}}}
\only<3>{\dspFunc[linecolor=green!80,linestyle=dashed]{x \dspRect{0}{1}} }
\only<4->{\dspFunc{x abs 0.5 ge {0} {x 2 mul \dspPorkpie{0}{0.95}} ifelse} }
\end{dspPlot}}
\end{figure}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Oversampled D/A}
sinc-interpolate $x_K[n]$ with $T_s' = T_s/K$:
\begin{align*}
\Omega_N' &= K\Omega_N \\
X_{c,K}(j\Omega) &= \frac{\pi}{\Omega_N'}\,X_K(e^{j\omega})|_{\omega = \pi \Omega/\Omega_N'}\, \rect\left(\frac{\Omega}{2\Omega_N'}\right) \\ \pause
&= \frac{\pi}{K\Omega_N}\, X(e^{j\pi \Omega/\Omega_N})\rect\left(\frac{\Omega}{2\Omega_N}\right)\, \rect\left(\frac{\Omega}{2K\Omega_N}\right) \\ \pause
&= \frac{1}{K} X_{c}(j\Omega) \quad \mbox{for $|\Omega| < \Omega_N$}
\end{align*}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Oversampled D/A}
\begin{center}
\begin{figure}
\begin{dspPlot}[height=2.1cm,xtype=freq,yticks=1,ylabel={$X_{2U}(e^{j\omega})$}]{-1,1}{0,1.2}
\moocStyle \psset{linecolor=blue!80}
\dspFunc{x abs 0.5 ge {0} {x 2 mul \dspPorkpie{0}{0.95}} ifelse}
\end{dspPlot}
\begin{dspPlot}[height=2.1cm,xtype=freq,xticks=custom,yticks=1,]{0,6}{0,1.2}
\moocStyle
\dspCustomTicks[axis=x]{0 0 2 $\Omega_N'=2\Omega_N$ 4 $2\Omega_{N}'$ 6 $3\Omega_{N}'$}
\only<2-3>{\dspFunc{x \dspPeriod{2} \dspPorkpie{0}{0.95}} \dspText(3,-.6){$X(e^{j\pi\Omega/\Omega_{N}'})$} }
\only<3>{\dspFunc[linecolor=green,linestyle=dashed]{x \dspRect{0}{4} abs } }
\only<4->{\dspFunc{x \dspPorkpie{0}{0.95} } \dspText(3,-.6){$X_c(j\Omega)$} }
\end{dspPlot}
\end{figure}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Oversampled D/A, using a ZOH}
\begin{center}
\begin{figure}
\only<1->{
\begin{dspPlot}[height=2.1cm,xtype=freq,yticks=1,ylabel={$X_{2U}(e^{j\omega})$}]{-1,1}{0,1.2}
\smallStems \psset{linecolor=blue}
\only<1-2>{\dspFunc[linecolor=lightgray]{x 2 mul \dspPeriodize \dspPorkpie{0}{0.95}} \dspFunc{x 2 mul \dspPorkpie{0}{0.95}}}
\only<2>{\dspFunc[linecolor=red,linestyle=dashed]{x abs 0.5 ge {0} {1 x \dspSinc{0}{1} abs div 0.7 mul} ifelse} }
\only<3->{\dspFunc{x abs 0.5 ge {0} {x 2 mul \dspPorkpie{0}{0.95} x \dspSinc{0}{1} abs div } ifelse} }
\end{dspPlot}}
\only<4->{
\begin{dspPlot}[height=2.1cm,xtype=freq,xticks=custom,yticks=1,]{0,6}{0,1.2}
\smallStems \psset{linecolor=blue}
\dspCustomTicks[axis=x]{0 0 2 $\Omega_{N,O}=2\Omega_N$ 4 $2\Omega_{N,O}$ 6 $3\Omega_{N,O}$}
\only<4-5>{\dspFunc{x \dspPeriod{2} \dspPorkpie{0}{0.95}} \dspText(3,-.6){$X(e^{j\pi\Omega/\Omega_{N,O}})$} }
\only<5>{\dspFunc[linecolor=green,linestyle=dashed]{x \dspSinc{0}{4} abs } }
\only<6->{\dspFunc{x \dspPeriod{2} \dspPorkpie{0}{0.95} x \dspSinc{0}{4} abs mul} \dspText(3,-.6){$X(j\Omega)$} }
\only<7->{\dspFunc[linecolor=orange,linestyle=dashed]{x 0.8 mul 4 exp 1 add 1 exch div}}
\end{dspPlot}}
\end{figure}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Oversampled A/D}\
key points:
\begin{itemize}
\item we can pre-compensate the in-band distortion in the digital domain
\item we can interpolate with a cheap ZOH
\item the higher the upsampling, the cheaper the analog lowpass needed to eliminate out-of-band distortion
\item only price: higher D/A rate
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\end{document}
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