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<section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
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<h1 id="--git-pull-upstream-master--"><center> <span style="color:red"> git pull upstream master </span> </center><a class="anchor-link" href="#--git-pull-upstream-master--">&#182;</a></h1>
</div>
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</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h1><center> Answer questions from <br> the previous session</center></h1>
</div>
</div></div>
</section></section><section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
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<h1 id="Standard-C++-Library-(STL)"><a href="https://cppreference.com/"><center>Standard C++ Library (STL)</center></a><a class="anchor-link" href="#Standard-C++-Library-(STL)">&#182;</a></h1>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h1 id="-Strings-and-Streams"><center> Strings and Streams</center><a class="anchor-link" href="#-Strings-and-Streams">&#182;</a></h1>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
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<h2 id="std::string"><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/string/basic_string">std::string</a><a class="anchor-link" href="#std::string">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li>Strings are list of characters representation: include <strong>string</strong></li>
</ul>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf">&lt;iostream&gt;</span><span class="cp"></span>
<span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf">&lt;string&gt;</span><span class="cp"></span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span> <span class="n">my_string</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;test.plot&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">my_string</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">endl</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
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<h2 id="std::cout-and-std::cerr"><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/cout">std::cout</a> and <a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/cerr">std::cerr</a><a class="anchor-link" href="#std::cout-and-std::cerr">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li>To use the <strong>std::cout</strong>, <strong>std::cerr</strong>, <strong>std::endl</strong>, <strong>std::flush</strong> features of the STL you have to include <strong>iostream</strong></li>
</ul>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf">&lt;iostream&gt;</span><span class="cp"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<ul>
<li>The object <a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/cout">std::cout</a> can be used to output things to screen via the so-called standard output channel</li>
</ul>
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.mi { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Integer */
.mo { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Oct */
.sa { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Affix */
.sb { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Backtick */
.sc { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Char */
.dl { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Delimiter */
.sd { color: #BA2121; font-style: italic } /* Literal.String.Doc */
.s2 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Double */
.se { color: #BB6622; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Escape */
.sh { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */
.si { color: #BB6688; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Interpol */
.sx { color: #008000 } /* Literal.String.Other */
.sr { color: #BB6688 } /* Literal.String.Regex */
.s1 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Single */
.ss { color: #19177C } /* Literal.String.Symbol */
.bp { color: #008000 } /* Name.Builtin.Pseudo */
.fm { color: #0000FF } /* Name.Function.Magic */
.vc { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Class */
.vg { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Global */
.vi { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Instance */
.vm { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Magic */
.il { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */
</style>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">obj</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">endl</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="s">&quot;flush now!&quot;</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">flush</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">endl</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="fragment" style="width: 100%;float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<ul>
<li>The error channel is accessible via the <a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/cerr">std::cerr</a> (identical but no need to flush).</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered">
<div class="output_area">
<div class="output_html rendered_html output_subarea output_execute_result">
<style>
.hll { background-color: #ffffcc }
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.err { border: 1px solid #FF0000 } /* Error */
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.o { color: #666666 } /* Operator */
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.cm { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Multiline */
.cp { color: #BC7A00 } /* Comment.Preproc */
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.go { color: #888888 } /* Generic.Output */
.gp { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Prompt */
.gs { font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Strong */
.gu { color: #800080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Subheading */
.gt { color: #0044DD } /* Generic.Traceback */
.kc { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Constant */
.kd { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Declaration */
.kn { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Namespace */
.kp { color: #008000 } /* Keyword.Pseudo */
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.kt { color: #B00040 } /* Keyword.Type */
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.nf { color: #0000FF } /* Name.Function */
.nl { color: #A0A000 } /* Name.Label */
.nn { color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Namespace */
.nt { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Tag */
.nv { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable */
.ow { color: #AA22FF; font-weight: bold } /* Operator.Word */
.w { color: #bbbbbb } /* Text.Whitespace */
.mb { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Bin */
.mf { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Float */
.mh { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Hex */
.mi { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Integer */
.mo { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Oct */
.sa { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Affix */
.sb { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Backtick */
.sc { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Char */
.dl { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Delimiter */
.sd { color: #BA2121; font-style: italic } /* Literal.String.Doc */
.s2 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Double */
.se { color: #BB6622; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Escape */
.sh { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */
.si { color: #BB6688; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Interpol */
.sx { color: #008000 } /* Literal.String.Other */
.sr { color: #BB6688 } /* Literal.String.Regex */
.s1 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Single */
.ss { color: #19177C } /* Literal.String.Symbol */
.bp { color: #008000 } /* Name.Builtin.Pseudo */
.fm { color: #0000FF } /* Name.Function.Magic */
.vc { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Class */
.vg { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Global */
.vi { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Instance */
.vm { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Magic */
.il { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */
</style>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cerr</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">obj</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">endl</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h2 id="std::scientific-and-std::setprecision"><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/manip/fixed">std::scientific</a> and <a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/manip/setprecision">std::setprecision</a><a class="anchor-link" href="#std::scientific-and-std::setprecision">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li>include <strong>iomanip</strong></li>
<li>Scientific representation of numbers: 6.5e23: <a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/manip/fixed">std::scientific</a></li>
<li>Set precision: <a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/manip/setprecision">std::setprecision</a> </li>
</ul>
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</div><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered">
<div class="output_area">
<div class="output_html rendered_html output_subarea output_execute_result">
<style>
.hll { background-color: #ffffcc }
.c { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment */
.err { border: 1px solid #FF0000 } /* Error */
.k { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword */
.o { color: #666666 } /* Operator */
.ch { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Hashbang */
.cm { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Multiline */
.cp { color: #BC7A00 } /* Comment.Preproc */
.cpf { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.PreprocFile */
.c1 { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Single */
.cs { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Special */
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.ge { font-style: italic } /* Generic.Emph */
.gr { color: #FF0000 } /* Generic.Error */
.gh { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Heading */
.gi { color: #00A000 } /* Generic.Inserted */
.go { color: #888888 } /* Generic.Output */
.gp { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Prompt */
.gs { font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Strong */
.gu { color: #800080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Subheading */
.gt { color: #0044DD } /* Generic.Traceback */
.kc { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Constant */
.kd { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Declaration */
.kn { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Namespace */
.kp { color: #008000 } /* Keyword.Pseudo */
.kr { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Reserved */
.kt { color: #B00040 } /* Keyword.Type */
.m { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number */
.s { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String */
.na { color: #7D9029 } /* Name.Attribute */
.nb { color: #008000 } /* Name.Builtin */
.nc { color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Class */
.no { color: #880000 } /* Name.Constant */
.nd { color: #AA22FF } /* Name.Decorator */
.ni { color: #999999; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Entity */
.ne { color: #D2413A; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Exception */
.nf { color: #0000FF } /* Name.Function */
.nl { color: #A0A000 } /* Name.Label */
.nn { color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Namespace */
.nt { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Tag */
.nv { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable */
.ow { color: #AA22FF; font-weight: bold } /* Operator.Word */
.w { color: #bbbbbb } /* Text.Whitespace */
.mb { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Bin */
.mf { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Float */
.mh { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Hex */
.mi { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Integer */
.mo { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Oct */
.sa { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Affix */
.sb { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Backtick */
.sc { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Char */
.dl { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Delimiter */
.sd { color: #BA2121; font-style: italic } /* Literal.String.Doc */
.s2 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Double */
.se { color: #BB6622; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Escape */
.sh { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */
.si { color: #BB6688; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Interpol */
.sx { color: #008000 } /* Literal.String.Other */
.sr { color: #BB6688 } /* Literal.String.Regex */
.s1 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Single */
.ss { color: #19177C } /* Literal.String.Symbol */
.bp { color: #008000 } /* Name.Builtin.Pseudo */
.fm { color: #0000FF } /* Name.Function.Magic */
.vc { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Class */
.vg { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Global */
.vi { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Instance */
.vm { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Magic */
.il { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */
</style>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf">&lt;iomanip&gt;</span><span class="cp"></span>
</pre></div>
</div>
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<div class="cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered">
<div class="output_area">
<div class="output_html rendered_html output_subarea output_execute_result">
<style>
.hll { background-color: #ffffcc }
.c { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment */
.err { border: 1px solid #FF0000 } /* Error */
.k { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword */
.o { color: #666666 } /* Operator */
.ch { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Hashbang */
.cm { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Multiline */
.cp { color: #BC7A00 } /* Comment.Preproc */
.cpf { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.PreprocFile */
.c1 { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Single */
.cs { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Special */
.gd { color: #A00000 } /* Generic.Deleted */
.ge { font-style: italic } /* Generic.Emph */
.gr { color: #FF0000 } /* Generic.Error */
.gh { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Heading */
.gi { color: #00A000 } /* Generic.Inserted */
.go { color: #888888 } /* Generic.Output */
.gp { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Prompt */
.gs { font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Strong */
.gu { color: #800080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Subheading */
.gt { color: #0044DD } /* Generic.Traceback */
.kc { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Constant */
.kd { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Declaration */
.kn { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Namespace */
.kp { color: #008000 } /* Keyword.Pseudo */
.kr { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Reserved */
.kt { color: #B00040 } /* Keyword.Type */
.m { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number */
.s { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String */
.na { color: #7D9029 } /* Name.Attribute */
.nb { color: #008000 } /* Name.Builtin */
.nc { color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Class */
.no { color: #880000 } /* Name.Constant */
.nd { color: #AA22FF } /* Name.Decorator */
.ni { color: #999999; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Entity */
.ne { color: #D2413A; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Exception */
.nf { color: #0000FF } /* Name.Function */
.nl { color: #A0A000 } /* Name.Label */
.nn { color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Namespace */
.nt { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Tag */
.nv { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable */
.ow { color: #AA22FF; font-weight: bold } /* Operator.Word */
.w { color: #bbbbbb } /* Text.Whitespace */
.mb { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Bin */
.mf { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Float */
.mh { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Hex */
.mi { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Integer */
.mo { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Oct */
.sa { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Affix */
.sb { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Backtick */
.sc { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Char */
.dl { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Delimiter */
.sd { color: #BA2121; font-style: italic } /* Literal.String.Doc */
.s2 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Double */
.se { color: #BB6622; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Escape */
.sh { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */
.si { color: #BB6688; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Interpol */
.sx { color: #008000 } /* Literal.String.Other */
.sr { color: #BB6688 } /* Literal.String.Regex */
.s1 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Single */
.ss { color: #19177C } /* Literal.String.Symbol */
.bp { color: #008000 } /* Name.Builtin.Pseudo */
.fm { color: #0000FF } /* Name.Function.Magic */
.vc { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Class */
.vg { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Global */
.vi { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Instance */
.vm { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Magic */
.il { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */
</style>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>
<span class="c1">// for this output</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">scientific</span>
<span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">setprecision</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">15</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">M_PI</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">endl</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
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</div>
</div><div class="fragment" style="width: 100%;float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered">
<div class="output_area">
<div class="output_html rendered_html output_subarea output_execute_result">
<style>
.hll { background-color: #ffffcc }
.c { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment */
.err { border: 1px solid #FF0000 } /* Error */
.k { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword */
.o { color: #666666 } /* Operator */
.ch { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Hashbang */
.cm { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Multiline */
.cp { color: #BC7A00 } /* Comment.Preproc */
.cpf { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.PreprocFile */
.c1 { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Single */
.cs { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Special */
.gd { color: #A00000 } /* Generic.Deleted */
.ge { font-style: italic } /* Generic.Emph */
.gr { color: #FF0000 } /* Generic.Error */
.gh { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Heading */
.gi { color: #00A000 } /* Generic.Inserted */
.go { color: #888888 } /* Generic.Output */
.gp { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Prompt */
.gs { font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Strong */
.gu { color: #800080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Subheading */
.gt { color: #0044DD } /* Generic.Traceback */
.kc { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Constant */
.kd { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Declaration */
.kn { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Namespace */
.kp { color: #008000 } /* Keyword.Pseudo */
.kr { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Reserved */
.kt { color: #B00040 } /* Keyword.Type */
.m { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number */
.s { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String */
.na { color: #7D9029 } /* Name.Attribute */
.nb { color: #008000 } /* Name.Builtin */
.nc { color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Class */
.no { color: #880000 } /* Name.Constant */
.nd { color: #AA22FF } /* Name.Decorator */
.ni { color: #999999; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Entity */
.ne { color: #D2413A; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Exception */
.nf { color: #0000FF } /* Name.Function */
.nl { color: #A0A000 } /* Name.Label */
.nn { color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Namespace */
.nt { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Tag */
.nv { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable */
.ow { color: #AA22FF; font-weight: bold } /* Operator.Word */
.w { color: #bbbbbb } /* Text.Whitespace */
.mb { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Bin */
.mf { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Float */
.mh { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Hex */
.mi { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Integer */
.mo { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Oct */
.sa { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Affix */
.sb { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Backtick */
.sc { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Char */
.dl { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Delimiter */
.sd { color: #BA2121; font-style: italic } /* Literal.String.Doc */
.s2 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Double */
.se { color: #BB6622; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Escape */
.sh { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */
.si { color: #BB6688; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Interpol */
.sx { color: #008000 } /* Literal.String.Other */
.sr { color: #BB6688 } /* Literal.String.Regex */
.s1 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Single */
.ss { color: #19177C } /* Literal.String.Symbol */
.bp { color: #008000 } /* Name.Builtin.Pseudo */
.fm { color: #0000FF } /* Name.Function.Magic */
.vc { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Class */
.vg { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Global */
.vi { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Instance */
.vm { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Magic */
.il { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */
</style>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="c1">//permanent</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">precision</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">15</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">setf</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">ios</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">scientific</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h2 id="std::ifstream-/-std::ofstream"><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ifstream">std::ifstream</a> / <a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_ofstream">std::ofstream</a><a class="anchor-link" href="#std::ifstream-/-std::ofstream">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li>STL features to read/write files</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<div class="cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered">
<div class="output_area">
<div class="output_html rendered_html output_subarea output_execute_result">
<style>
.hll { background-color: #ffffcc }
.c { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment */
.err { border: 1px solid #FF0000 } /* Error */
.k { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword */
.o { color: #666666 } /* Operator */
.ch { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Hashbang */
.cm { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Multiline */
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf">&lt;fstream&gt;</span><span class="cp"></span>
</pre></div>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">ofstream</span> <span class="n">fout</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;test.plot&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">fout</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">M_PI</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">endl</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">fout</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">pi_val</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">ifstream</span> <span class="n">fin</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;test.plot&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">fin</span> <span class="o">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">pi_val</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
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</section><section>
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<h2 id="std::stringstream"><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_stringstream">std::stringstream</a><a class="anchor-link" href="#std::stringstream">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li>Special stream: buffer is a string (and not a file)</li>
</ul>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf">&lt;sstream&gt;</span><span class="cp"></span>
</pre></div>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">stringstream</span> <span class="n">sstr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&quot;1 2 3.14&quot;</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">j</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">k</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">sstr</span> <span class="o">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">j</span> <span class="o">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">k</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="s">&quot; &quot;</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">j</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="s">&quot; &quot;</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">k</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">endl</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
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.sb { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Backtick */
.sc { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Char */
.dl { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Delimiter */
.sd { color: #BA2121; font-style: italic } /* Literal.String.Doc */
.s2 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Double */
.se { color: #BB6622; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Escape */
.sh { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */
.si { color: #BB6688; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Interpol */
.sx { color: #008000 } /* Literal.String.Other */
.sr { color: #BB6688 } /* Literal.String.Regex */
.s1 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Single */
.ss { color: #19177C } /* Literal.String.Symbol */
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">stringstream</span> <span class="n">sstr2</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">sstr2</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="mi">142</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">sstr2</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">str</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">endl</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
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</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
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<h2 id="std::stringstream"><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/io/basic_stringstream">std::stringstream</a><a class="anchor-link" href="#std::stringstream">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li>Example: parsing the argc arguments using stringstream:</li>
</ul>
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.o { color: #666666 } /* Operator */
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf">&lt;sstream&gt;</span><span class="cp"></span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">argc</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">stringstream</span> <span class="n">sstr</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="n">argc</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">sstr</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="s">&quot; &quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">sstr</span> <span class="o">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">sstr</span> <span class="o">&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
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</section><section>
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<h1 id="-Memory-management-"><center> Memory management </center><a class="anchor-link" href="#-Memory-management-">&#182;</a></h1>
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<h2 id="&quot;Stack&quot;-memory-allocation-(static)">"Stack" memory allocation (static)<a class="anchor-link" href="#&quot;Stack&quot;-memory-allocation-(static)">&#182;</a></h2>
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.err { border: 1px solid #FF0000 } /* Error */
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.o { color: #666666 } /* Operator */
.ch { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Hashbang */
.cm { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Multiline */
.cp { color: #BC7A00 } /* Comment.Preproc */
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.se { color: #BB6622; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Escape */
.sh { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */
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.sx { color: #008000 } /* Literal.String.Other */
.sr { color: #BB6688 } /* Literal.String.Regex */
.s1 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Single */
.ss { color: #19177C } /* Literal.String.Symbol */
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">argc</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">char</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="c1">// static allocation</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
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<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<ul>
<li>is this legit ?</li>
</ul>
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<style>
.hll { background-color: #ffffcc }
.c { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment */
.err { border: 1px solid #FF0000 } /* Error */
.k { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword */
.o { color: #666666 } /* Operator */
.ch { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Hashbang */
.cm { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Multiline */
.cp { color: #BC7A00 } /* Comment.Preproc */
.cpf { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.PreprocFile */
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.sb { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Backtick */
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.se { color: #BB6622; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Escape */
.sh { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */
.si { color: #BB6688; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Interpol */
.sx { color: #008000 } /* Literal.String.Other */
.sr { color: #BB6688 } /* Literal.String.Regex */
.s1 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Single */
.ss { color: #19177C } /* Literal.String.Symbol */
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.fm { color: #0000FF } /* Name.Function.Magic */
.vc { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Class */
.vg { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Global */
.vi { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Instance */
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</style>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">get_vector</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="o">++</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">v</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
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</div>
</div></div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h2 id="&quot;Stack&quot;-memory-allocation-(static)">"Stack" memory allocation (static)<a class="anchor-link" href="#&quot;Stack&quot;-memory-allocation-(static)">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li>Memory allocated available within the scope <strong>only</strong> (life duration)</li>
<li>Should be used for small arrays</li>
<li>Cannot make functions that create objects and return them (without a copy)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
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<h2 id="&quot;Heap&quot;-memory-allocation-(dynamic)">"Heap" memory allocation (dynamic)<a class="anchor-link" href="#&quot;Heap&quot;-memory-allocation-(dynamic)">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li>using the new keyword</li>
<li>life duration of allocated space: until delete</li>
<li>ommiting to delete: memory leak</li>
</ul>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">get_scalar</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kt">double</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">v</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="kt">double</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="fragment" style="width: 100%;float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<ul>
<li>to use it beware to free/delete it:</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">scalar</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_scalar</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="c1">// ... do what I need</span>
<span class="k">delete</span> <span class="n">scalar</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h2 id="&quot;Heap&quot;-memory-allocation-(dynamic)">"Heap" memory allocation (dynamic)<a class="anchor-link" href="#&quot;Heap&quot;-memory-allocation-(dynamic)">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li>using the <strong>new</strong> keyword for arrays</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<style>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kt">double</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">get_vector</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="kt">double</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">v</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="kt">double</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">];</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="fragment" style="width: 100%;float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
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<style>
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.o { color: #666666 } /* Operator */
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">vector</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_vector</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// ... do what I need</span>
<span class="k">delete</span><span class="p">[]</span> <span class="n">vector</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h2 id="Smart-pointers:-std::unique_ptr-/-std::shared_ptr">Smart pointers: <a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/unique_ptr">std::unique_ptr</a> / <a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/shared_ptr">std::shared_ptr</a><a class="anchor-link" href="#Smart-pointers:-std::unique_ptr-/-std::shared_ptr">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li>Memory allocated on the heap needs to be freed</li>
<li>Forgetting is prone to memory leaks</li>
<li>Accessing freed memory: unknown result (<em>Segmentation Fault</em> usually) </li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><div class="fragment" style="width: 100%;float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/shared_ptr">std::shared_ptr</a> are pointers meant to be shared</li>
<li><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/unique_ptr">std::unique_ptr</a> are pointers guarantied to be unique</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div></div>
</section><section>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf">&lt;iostream&gt;</span><span class="cp"></span>
<span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf">&lt;memory&gt;</span><span class="cp"></span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">unique_ptr</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">get_scalar</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="c1">// create a unique pointer</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">make_unique</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">main</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">unique_ptr</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">ptr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_scalar</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="c1">// ... do what I need like...</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">ptr</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="c1">// no need to delete scalar (will be automatically)</span>
<span class="c1">// cannot be copied =&gt; compilation error</span>
<span class="c1">// std::unique_ptr&lt;double&gt; ptr_copy = ptr;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf">&lt;iostream&gt;</span><span class="cp"></span>
<span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf">&lt;memory&gt;</span><span class="cp"></span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">shared_ptr</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">get_vector</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">shared_ptr</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="o">&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">new</span> <span class="kt">double</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">]);</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">main</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">shared_ptr</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">ptr1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_vector</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">shared_ptr</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">ptr2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ptr1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="c1">// memory of pointer freed when ptr1 and ptr2 are out of scope</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
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</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
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<h1 id="-Containers-"><center> Containers </center><a class="anchor-link" href="#-Containers-">&#182;</a></h1>
</div>
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<h2 id="std::array"><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/array">std::array</a><a class="anchor-link" href="#std::array">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li>Arrays are sequence containers of fixed sizes</li>
<li>allocation is made on the <strong>stack</strong></li>
</ul>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf">&lt;array&gt;</span><span class="cp"></span>
</pre></div>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">10.</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">vec2</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">vec2</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">8</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">&quot;mars&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
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<h2 id="std::vector"><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector">std::vector</a><a class="anchor-link" href="#std::vector">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li>Vectors are sequence containers representing arrays that can change in size</li>
<li>The memory is stored contiguously in the <strong>heap</strong></li>
<li>Resizing needs reallocation (and possibly copy) which is a demanding operation.</li>
</ul>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf">&lt;vector&gt;</span><span class="cp"></span>
</pre></div>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">double</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">resize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
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</section><section>
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<h2 id="std::set"><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/set">std::set</a><a class="anchor-link" href="#std::set">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li>Sets are ensemble of unique objects</li>
</ul>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf">&lt;set&gt;</span><span class="cp"></span>
</pre></div>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">set</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">set1</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">set1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">set1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">101</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">set1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">101</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="n">set1</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">erase</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h2 id="loops-over-containers">loops over containers<a class="anchor-link" href="#loops-over-containers">&#182;</a></h2>
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.hll { background-color: #ffffcc }
.c { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment */
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.o { color: #666666 } /* Operator */
.ch { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Hashbang */
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.c1 { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Single */
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.nn { color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Namespace */
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">array</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">array</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
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<h2 id="iterators">iterators<a class="anchor-link" href="#iterators">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li>loops agnostic to container type: using <strong>iterators</strong></li>
</ul>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="c1">// vector loop with iterators</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;::</span><span class="n">iterator</span> <span class="n">it</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">begin</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;::</span><span class="n">iterator</span> <span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(;</span> <span class="n">it</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">it</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="o">*</span><span class="n">it</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">10.</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="c1">// with the auto</span>
<span class="k">auto</span> <span class="n">it</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">begin</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="k">auto</span> <span class="n">end</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(;</span> <span class="n">it</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="n">end</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="o">++</span><span class="n">it</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="o">*</span><span class="n">it</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">10.</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="c1">// with the range loop</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="k">auto</span> <span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="nl">v</span> <span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">v</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">10.</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
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</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
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<h2 id="Access-costs">Access costs<a class="anchor-link" href="#Access-costs">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li><p>For <a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/vector">std::vector</a>, the complexities are</p>
<ul>
<li>random access: $O(1)$</li>
<li>insertion/deletion: $O(N)$</li>
<li>insertion/deletion from ends: $O(1)$</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>Whereas for <a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/list">std::list</a>:</p>
<ul>
<li>random access: $O(N)$</li>
<li>insertion/deletion: $O(1)$</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<h2 id="std::map"><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/container/map">std::map</a><a class="anchor-link" href="#std::map">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li>Maps allow to associate uniquely a value of any type to a value of any type</li>
</ul>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#include</span> <span class="cpf">&lt;map&gt;</span><span class="cp"></span>
<span class="kt">int</span> <span class="nf">main</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">string</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">double</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">particle_mass</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">particle_mass</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&quot;mars&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">6.4171e23</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">particle_mass</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&quot;sun&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">1.9885e30</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">particle_mass</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">&quot;copper&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">1.0552061e-25</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h2 id="std::algorithms">std::algorithms<a class="anchor-link" href="#std::algorithms">&#182;</a></h2><p>There are many <a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/algorithm">STL algorithms</a> available.</p>
<p>For instance three of them are presented below:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/algorithm/find">std::find</a> searches for a match in a container in $O(N)$ advances</li>
<li><p><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/algorithm/sort">std::sort</a> sorts a container
in $N*log2(N)$ swaps (which then is not the same for list, vectors)</p>
</li>
<li><p><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/algorithm/binary_search">std::binary_search</a> searches into a sorted container in $O(log2(N))$ advances
(which is then long for non random access iterators like lists)</p>
</li>
<li><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/algorithm/set_intersection">std::set_intersection</a> returns the intersection between sets</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h1 id="-Lambda-expressions-and-Functors-"><center> Lambda expressions and Functors </center><a class="anchor-link" href="#-Lambda-expressions-and-Functors-">&#182;</a></h1>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h2 id="lambda-expressions"><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/lambda">lambda expressions</a><a class="anchor-link" href="#lambda-expressions">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li>A lambda function is an unnamed function object capable of capturing variables in scope</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">foo1</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="s">&quot;Hey&quot;</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">endl</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
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<div class="cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered">
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="c1">// call a standard function</span>
<span class="n">foo1</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="fragment" style="width: 100%;float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<ul>
<li>declaration and call of a functor</li>
</ul>
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="k">auto</span> <span class="n">foo2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]()</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="s">&quot;Hey again !&quot;</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">endl</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">};</span>
<span class="n">foo2</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h2 id="lambda-expressions"><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/lambda">lambda expressions</a><a class="anchor-link" href="#lambda-expressions">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li>lambda with parameters</li>
</ul>
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.mo { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Oct */
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.sb { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Backtick */
.sc { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Char */
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.sx { color: #008000 } /* Literal.String.Other */
.sr { color: #BB6688 } /* Literal.String.Regex */
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.vc { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Class */
.vg { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Global */
.vi { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Instance */
.vm { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Magic */
.il { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="k">auto</span> <span class="n">foo3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[](</span><span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kt">double</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="s">&quot;,&quot;</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">endl</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">};</span>
<span class="n">foo3</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mf">102.3</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h2 id="lambda-expressions"><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/lambda">lambda expressions</a><a class="anchor-link" href="#lambda-expressions">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li>capturing a variable</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered">
<div class="output_area">
<div class="output_html rendered_html output_subarea output_execute_result">
<style>
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.nt { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Tag */
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.se { color: #BB6622; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Escape */
.sh { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */
.si { color: #BB6688; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Interpol */
.sx { color: #008000 } /* Literal.String.Other */
.sr { color: #BB6688 } /* Literal.String.Regex */
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.ss { color: #19177C } /* Literal.String.Symbol */
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.vc { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Class */
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="n">toto</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="c1">// captures &#39;toto&#39; variable</span>
<span class="k">auto</span> <span class="n">foo4</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="n">toto</span><span class="p">]()</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">toto</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">endl</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">};</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div><div class="fragment" style="width: 100%;float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered">
<div class="output_area">
<div class="output_html rendered_html output_subarea output_execute_result">
<style>
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.o { color: #666666 } /* Operator */
.ch { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Hashbang */
.cm { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Multiline */
.cp { color: #BC7A00 } /* Comment.Preproc */
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.ne { color: #D2413A; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Exception */
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.nn { color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Namespace */
.nt { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Tag */
.nv { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable */
.ow { color: #AA22FF; font-weight: bold } /* Operator.Word */
.w { color: #bbbbbb } /* Text.Whitespace */
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.sa { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Affix */
.sb { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Backtick */
.sc { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Char */
.dl { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Delimiter */
.sd { color: #BA2121; font-style: italic } /* Literal.String.Doc */
.s2 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Double */
.se { color: #BB6622; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Escape */
.sh { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */
.si { color: #BB6688; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Interpol */
.sx { color: #008000 } /* Literal.String.Other */
.sr { color: #BB6688 } /* Literal.String.Regex */
.s1 { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Single */
.ss { color: #19177C } /* Literal.String.Symbol */
.bp { color: #008000 } /* Name.Builtin.Pseudo */
.fm { color: #0000FF } /* Name.Function.Magic */
.vc { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Class */
.vg { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Global */
.vi { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Instance */
.vm { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Magic */
.il { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */
</style>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="c1">// captures all in current scope</span>
<span class="k">auto</span> <span class="n">foo5</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="p">]()</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">toto</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">endl</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">};</span>
<span class="n">foo5</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h2 id="lambda-expressions"><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/lambda">lambda expressions</a><a class="anchor-link" href="#lambda-expressions">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li>return a value</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered">
<div class="output_area">
<div class="output_html rendered_html output_subarea output_execute_result">
<style>
.hll { background-color: #ffffcc }
.c { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment */
.err { border: 1px solid #FF0000 } /* Error */
.k { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword */
.o { color: #666666 } /* Operator */
.ch { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Hashbang */
.cm { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Multiline */
.cp { color: #BC7A00 } /* Comment.Preproc */
.cpf { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.PreprocFile */
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.gi { color: #00A000 } /* Generic.Inserted */
.go { color: #888888 } /* Generic.Output */
.gp { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Prompt */
.gs { font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Strong */
.gu { color: #800080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Subheading */
.gt { color: #0044DD } /* Generic.Traceback */
.kc { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Constant */
.kd { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Declaration */
.kn { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Namespace */
.kp { color: #008000 } /* Keyword.Pseudo */
.kr { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Reserved */
.kt { color: #B00040 } /* Keyword.Type */
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.no { color: #880000 } /* Name.Constant */
.nd { color: #AA22FF } /* Name.Decorator */
.ni { color: #999999; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Entity */
.ne { color: #D2413A; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Exception */
.nf { color: #0000FF } /* Name.Function */
.nl { color: #A0A000 } /* Name.Label */
.nn { color: #0000FF; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Namespace */
.nt { color: #008000; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Tag */
.nv { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable */
.ow { color: #AA22FF; font-weight: bold } /* Operator.Word */
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.mh { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Hex */
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.sb { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Backtick */
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.ss { color: #19177C } /* Literal.String.Symbol */
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.fm { color: #0000FF } /* Name.Function.Magic */
.vc { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Class */
.vg { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Global */
.vi { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Instance */
.vm { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Magic */
.il { color: #666666 } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="c1">// explicit declaration</span>
<span class="k">auto</span> <span class="n">foo6</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]()</span> <span class="o">-&gt;</span> <span class="kt">int</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mi">19</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">};</span>
<span class="k">auto</span> <span class="n">res</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">foo6</span><span class="p">();</span>
<span class="c1">// implicit declaration</span>
<span class="k">auto</span> <span class="n">foo7</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[]()</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="mf">19.3</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">};</span>
<span class="k">auto</span> <span class="n">res2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">foo7</span><span class="p">();</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h2 id="for_each"><a href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/algorithm/for_each">for_each</a><a class="anchor-link" href="#for_each">&#182;</a></h2>
</div>
</div><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="cell border-box-sizing code_cell rendered">
<div class="output_area">
<div class="output_html rendered_html output_subarea output_execute_result">
<style>
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.o { color: #666666 } /* Operator */
.ch { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Hashbang */
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.cpf { color: #408080; font-style: italic } /* Comment.PreprocFile */
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.gi { color: #00A000 } /* Generic.Inserted */
.go { color: #888888 } /* Generic.Output */
.gp { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Prompt */
.gs { font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Strong */
.gu { color: #800080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Subheading */
.gt { color: #0044DD } /* Generic.Traceback */
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.se { color: #BB6622; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Escape */
.sh { color: #BA2121 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */
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.ss { color: #19177C } /* Literal.String.Symbol */
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.fm { color: #0000FF } /* Name.Function.Magic */
.vc { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Class */
.vg { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Global */
.vi { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Instance */
.vm { color: #19177C } /* Name.Variable.Magic */
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<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// indirect call</span>
<span class="k">auto</span> <span class="n">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[](</span><span class="k">auto</span> <span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span> <span class="o">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">};</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">for_each</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">begin</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">);</span>
<span class="c1">// inline call</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">for_each</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">begin</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="p">[](</span><span class="k">auto</span> <span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">v</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="n">v</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">});</span>
<span class="c1">// storing result in another array</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">vector</span><span class="o">&lt;</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">transform</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">begin</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">vec</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">end</span><span class="p">(),</span> <span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">back_inserter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">[](</span><span class="k">auto</span> <span class="o">&amp;</span><span class="n">val</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">val</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">});</span>
</pre></div>
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<h1 id="Interactive-session-on-STL">Interactive session on STL<a class="anchor-link" href="#Interactive-session-on-STL">&#182;</a></h1><ul>
<li>string</li>
<li>streams</li>
<li>containers</li>
<li>algorithms</li>
<li>lambda</li>
<li>smart pointers</li>
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