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R8218/CT/private/dicom_add_attr.m
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dicom_add_attr.m
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function attr_str = dicom_add_attr(attr_str, group, element, dictionary, varargin)
%DICOM_ADD_ATTR Add an attribute to a structure of attributes.
% OUT = DICOM_ADD_ATTR(IN, GROUP, ELEMENT, DICTIONARY, DATA, VR) add
% the attribute (GROUP,ELEMENT) with DATA and value representation
% VR to the structure IN.
%
% OUT = DICOM_ADD_ATTR(IN, GROUP, ELEMENT, DICTIONARY, DATA) add the
% attribute (GROUP,ELEMENT) with DATA to the structure IN. The
% value representation for this attribute is inferred from the data
% dictionary; if the VR value is not unique, an error will be
% issued.
%
% OUT = DICOM_ADD_ATTR(IN, GROUP, ELEMENT, DICTIONARY) add the empty
% attribute specified by (GROUP, ELEMENT) to IN. The VR value for
% the attribute will be picked from the data dictionary.
%
% See also DICOM_ADD_ITEM.
% Copyright 1993-2011 The MathWorks, Inc.
pos = length(attr_str) + 1;
%
% Group and Element.
%
attr_str(pos).Group = get_group_or_element(group);
attr_str(pos).Element = get_group_or_element(element);
% Get attribute's properties from dictionary.
attr_dict = dicom_dict_lookup(attr_str(pos).Group, ...
attr_str(pos).Element, ...
dictionary);
if ((isempty(attr_dict)) && (rem(group, 2) == 1))
% Private data needs certain values to be set.
if (nargin < 6)
attr_dict(1).VR = 'UN';
end
attr_dict(1).VM = [0 inf];
end
%
% VR.
%
if (nargin == 6)
% VR provided.
attr_str(pos).VR = varargin{2};
elseif ((nargin == 5) && ...
((iscell(attr_dict.VR)) && (length(attr_dict.VR) > 1)))
% Data provided, but multiple possible VR values.
error(message('images:dicom_add_attr:attributeRequiresVRArg', sprintf( '(%04X,%04X)', attr_str( pos ).Group, attr_str( pos ).Element )))
else
% Single VR value or empty data. Use first VR value.
if (iscell(attr_dict.VR))
attr_str(pos).VR = attr_dict.VR{1};
else
attr_str(pos).VR = attr_dict.VR;
end
end
%
% VM
%
attr_str(pos).VM = attr_dict.VM;
%
% Data.
%
% Get data from varargin or create default empty data.
if (nargin > 4)
data = varargin{1};
else
data = [];
end
%
% Convert MATLAB data to DICOM's type and style.
%
attr_str(pos).Data = validate_data(data, attr_str(pos));
function data_out = validate_data(data_in, attr_str)
%VALIDATE_DATA Validate user-provided data and massage to acceptable form.
vr_details = get_vr_details(attr_str.VR);
if (~isempty(data_in))
attr_tag = sprintf('(%04X,%04X)', attr_str.Group, attr_str.Element);
% Check type.
if (~has_correct_data_type(class(data_in), vr_details.Types_accept))
error(message('images:dicom_add_attr:attributeHasWrongType', attr_tag))
end
% Convert data.
data_out = massage_data(data_in, attr_str);
% Check VM.
if (~has_correct_vm(data_out, attr_str.VM, vr_details))
warning(message('images:dicom_add_attr:wrongAttribNum', attr_tag));
end
% Check lengths.
if (~has_correct_lengths(data_out, vr_details))
warning(message('images:dicom_add_attr:wrongAttribData', attr_tag));
end
% Validate data, if appropriate.
if (ischar(data_out))
if (~isempty(find_invalid_chars(data_out, vr_details)))
warning(message('images:dicom_add_attr:invalidAttribChar', attr_tag));
end
end
% Pad data, if necessary.
switch (class(data_out))
case {'uint8', 'int8', 'char'}
if (rem(numel(data_out), 2) == 1)
data_out = pad_data(data_out, vr_details);
end
end
else
data_out = data_in;
end
function val = get_group_or_element(in)
if (isempty(in))
error(message('images:dicom_add_attr:groupElementNotHexOrInt'))
elseif (ischar(in))
val = sscanf(in, '%x');
elseif (isnumeric(in))
val = in;
else
error(message('images:dicom_add_attr:groupElementNotHexOrInt'))
end
function details = get_vr_details(vr_in)
%GET_VR_DETAILS Get properties of a Value Representation.
persistent vr_hash;
persistent vr_details;
if (isempty(vr_hash))
% Build up the hash table and details structures.
[vr_hash, vr_details] = build_vr_details;
% Get the details from the new hash.
details = get_vr_details(vr_in);
else
% Find the VR passed in.
idx = strmatch(vr_in, vr_hash);
if (isempty(idx))
details = [];
else
details = vr_details(idx);
end
end
function [vr_hash, vr_details] = build_vr_details
%BUILD_VR_DETAILS Create a hash table of VR properties.
% Character categories.
ASCII_UPPER = 65:90;
ASCII_NUMS = 48:57;
ASCII_LF = 10;
ASCII_FF = 12;
ASCII_CR = 13;
ASCII_ESC = 27;
DICOM_CTRL = [ASCII_LF, ASCII_FF, ASCII_CR, ASCII_ESC];
DICOM_NONCTRL = 32:126;
DICOM_DEFAULT = [DICOM_CTRL, DICOM_NONCTRL];
DICOM_EXTENDED = 127:255;
DICOM_ALL = [DICOM_DEFAULT, DICOM_EXTENDED];
% Datatype categories.
TYPES_SIGNED = {'int8', 'int16', 'int32'};
TYPES_UNSIGNED = {'uint8', 'uint16', 'uint32'};
TYPES_FLOATING = {'double', 'single'};
TYPES_INTEGRAL = [TYPES_SIGNED, TYPES_UNSIGNED];
TYPES_NUMERIC = [TYPES_INTEGRAL, TYPES_FLOATING, {'logical'}];
% Hash of VRs.
vr_hash = {'AE'
'AS'
'AT'
'CS'
'DA'
'DS'
'DT'
'FD'
'FL'
'IS'
'LO'
'LT'
'OB'
'OW'
'PN'
'SH'
'SL'
'SQ'
'SS'
'ST'
'TM'
'UI'
'UL'
'UN'
'US'
'UT'};
% Struct of VR details.
vr_details(1).VR_name = 'AE';
vr_details(1).Types_accept = {'char'};
vr_details(1).Types_output = 'char';
vr_details(1).Size_range = [0 16];
vr_details(1).Separator = '\';
vr_details(1).Char_repertoire = DICOM_NONCTRL;
vr_details(2).VR_name = 'AS';
vr_details(2).Types_accept = {'char'};
vr_details(2).Types_output = 'char';
vr_details(2).Size_range = [0 4];
vr_details(2).Separator = '\';
vr_details(2).Char_repertoire = [ASCII_NUMS, 'D', 'W', 'M', 'Y'];
vr_details(3).VR_name = 'AT';
vr_details(3).Types_accept = TYPES_NUMERIC;
vr_details(3).Types_output = 'uint16';
vr_details(3).Size_range = [2 2];
vr_details(3).Separator = [];
vr_details(3).Char_repertoire = '';
vr_details(4).VR_name = 'CS';
vr_details(4).Types_accept = {'char'};
vr_details(4).Types_output = 'char';
vr_details(4).Size_range = [0 16];
vr_details(4).Separator = '\';
vr_details(4).Char_repertoire = [ASCII_UPPER, ASCII_NUMS, ' ', '_'];
vr_details(5).VR_name = 'DA';
vr_details(5).Types_accept = {'char', 'double'};
vr_details(5).Types_output = 'char';
vr_details(5).Size_range = [8 10]; % 10 ALLOWS FOR PRE 3.0.
vr_details(5).Separator = '\';
vr_details(5).Char_repertoire = [ASCII_NUMS, '.'];
vr_details(6).VR_name = 'DS';
vr_details(6).Types_accept = [{'char'}, TYPES_NUMERIC];
vr_details(6).Types_output = 'char';
vr_details(6).Size_range = [0 16];
vr_details(6).Separator = '\';
vr_details(6).Char_repertoire = [ASCII_NUMS, '+', '-', 'E', 'e', '.', ' '];
vr_details(7).VR_name = 'DT';
vr_details(7).Types_accept = {'char', 'double'};
vr_details(7).Types_output = 'char';
vr_details(7).Size_range = [0 26];
vr_details(7).Separator = '\';
vr_details(7).Char_repertoire = [ASCII_NUMS, '+', '-', '.'];
vr_details(8).VR_name = 'FD';
vr_details(8).Types_accept = TYPES_NUMERIC;
vr_details(8).Types_output = 'double';
vr_details(8).Size_range = [1 1];
vr_details(8).Separator = [];
vr_details(8).Char_repertoire = '';
vr_details(9).VR_name = 'FL';
vr_details(9).Types_accept = TYPES_NUMERIC;
vr_details(9).Types_output = 'single';
vr_details(9).Size_range = [1 1];
vr_details(9).Separator = [];
vr_details(9).Char_repertoire = '';
vr_details(10).VR_name = 'IS';
vr_details(10).Types_accept = TYPES_NUMERIC;
vr_details(10).Types_output = 'char';
vr_details(10).Size_range = [0 12];
vr_details(10).Separator = '\';
vr_details(10).Char_repertoire = [ASCII_NUMS, '-', ' '];
vr_details(11).VR_name = 'LO';
vr_details(11).Types_accept = {'char'};
vr_details(11).Types_output = 'char';
vr_details(11).Size_range = [0 64];
vr_details(11).Separator = '\';
vr_details(11).Char_repertoire = [DICOM_NONCTRL, DICOM_EXTENDED, ASCII_ESC];
vr_details(12).VR_name = 'LT';
vr_details(12).Types_accept = {'char'};
vr_details(12).Types_output = 'char';
vr_details(12).Size_range = [0 10240];
vr_details(12).Separator = '';
vr_details(12).Char_repertoire = DICOM_ALL;
vr_details(13).VR_name = 'OB';
vr_details(13).Types_accept = {'uint8', 'int8', 'logical'};
vr_details(13).Types_output = 'uint8';
vr_details(13).Size_range = [0 inf];
vr_details(13).Separator = [];
vr_details(13).Char_repertoire = '';
vr_details(14).VR_name = 'OW';
vr_details(14).Types_accept = [TYPES_INTEGRAL, {'logical'}];
vr_details(14).Types_output = 'uint16';
vr_details(14).Size_range = [0 inf];
vr_details(14).Separator = [];
vr_details(14).Char_repertoire = '';
vr_details(15).VR_name = 'PN';
vr_details(15).Types_accept = {'char', 'struct'};
vr_details(15).Types_output = 'char';
vr_details(15).Size_range = [0 (64 * 3)]; % 64 chars / component group.
vr_details(15).Separator = '\';
vr_details(15).Char_repertoire = [DICOM_NONCTRL, ASCII_ESC, DICOM_EXTENDED];
vr_details(16).VR_name = 'SH';
vr_details(16).Types_accept = {'char'};
vr_details(16).Types_output = 'char';
vr_details(16).Size_range = [0 16];
vr_details(16).Separator = '\';
vr_details(16).Char_repertoire = [DICOM_NONCTRL, ASCII_ESC, DICOM_EXTENDED];
vr_details(17).VR_name = 'SL';
vr_details(17).Types_accept = TYPES_NUMERIC;
vr_details(17).Types_output = 'int32';
vr_details(17).Size_range = [1 1];
vr_details(17).Separator = [];
vr_details(17).Char_repertoire = '';
vr_details(18).VR_name = 'SQ';
vr_details(18).Types_accept = {'struct'};
vr_details(18).Types_output = 'struct';
vr_details(18).Size_range = [1 1]; % All SQ attributes have VM of 1.
vr_details(18).Separator = [];
vr_details(18).Char_repertoire = '';
vr_details(19).VR_name = 'SS';
vr_details(19).Types_accept = TYPES_NUMERIC;
vr_details(19).Types_output = 'int16';
vr_details(19).Size_range = [1 1];
vr_details(19).Separator = [];
vr_details(19).Char_repertoire = '';
vr_details(20).VR_name = 'ST';
vr_details(20).Types_accept = {'char'};
vr_details(20).Types_output = 'char';
vr_details(20).Size_range = [0 1024];
vr_details(20).Separator = '';
vr_details(20).Char_repertoire = DICOM_ALL;
% ':' allowed for backward compatibility.
% See note for TM in PS-3.5 Sec. 6.2.0.
vr_details(21).VR_name = 'TM';
vr_details(21).Types_accept = {'char', 'double'};
vr_details(21).Types_output = 'char';
vr_details(21).Size_range = [0 16];
vr_details(21).Separator = '\';
vr_details(21).Char_repertoire = [ASCII_NUMS, '.', ' ', ':'];
vr_details(22).VR_name = 'UI';
vr_details(22).Types_accept = {'char'};
vr_details(22).Types_output = 'char';
vr_details(22).Size_range = [0 64];
vr_details(22).Separator = '\';
vr_details(22).Char_repertoire = [ASCII_NUMS, '.', 0];
vr_details(23).VR_name = 'UL';
vr_details(23).Types_accept = TYPES_NUMERIC;
vr_details(23).Types_output = 'uint32';
vr_details(23).Size_range = [1 1];
vr_details(23).Separator = [];
vr_details(23).Char_repertoire = '';
vr_details(24).VR_name = 'UN';
vr_details(24).Types_accept = [TYPES_NUMERIC, {'char'}, {'struct'}];
vr_details(24).Types_output = 'uint8'; % Don't convert raw data.
vr_details(24).Size_range = [0 inf];
vr_details(24).Separator = [];
vr_details(24).Char_repertoire = 0:255; % Anything is allowed.
vr_details(25).VR_name = 'US';
vr_details(25).Types_accept = TYPES_NUMERIC;
vr_details(25).Types_output = 'uint16';
vr_details(25).Size_range = [1 1];
vr_details(25).Separator = [];
vr_details(25).Char_repertoire = '';
vr_details(26).VR_name = 'UT';
vr_details(26).Types_accept = {'char'};
vr_details(26).Types_output = 'char';
vr_details(26).Size_range = [0 (2^32 - 2)];
vr_details(26).Separator = '';
vr_details(26).Char_repertoire = DICOM_ALL;
function tf = has_correct_data_type(datatype, acceptable)
%HAS_CORRECT_DATA_TYPE Verify that the data is of the right type.
switch (datatype)
case acceptable
tf = true;
otherwise
tf = false;
end
function tf = has_correct_vm(data, vm, vr_details)
%HAS_CORRECT_VM Verify that data has correct number of components.
switch (class(data))
case 'char'
if (isempty(vr_details.Separator))
tf = true;
else
idx = find(data == vr_details.Separator);
tf = ((length(idx) + 1) >= vm(1)) & ...
((length(idx) + 1) <= vm(2));
end
case 'struct'
tf = true;
case {'uint8', 'int8', 'uint16', 'int16', 'uint32', 'int32', ...
'double', 'single'}
tf = (numel(data) >= vm(1) * vr_details.Size_range(1)) & ...
(numel(data) <= vm(2) * vr_details.Size_range(2));
otherwise
tf = false;
end
function data_out = massage_data(data_in, attr_str)
%MASSAGE_DATA Convert data to its DICOM type.
% We assume that this won't be called on data that can't be converted.
% The function HAS_CORRECT_DATA_TYPE permits this assumption.
switch (attr_str.VR)
case 'AT'
% Attribute tags must be stored as UINT16 pairs.
data_out = uint16(data_in);
if (numel(data_out) ~= length(data_in))
if (size(data_out, 2) ~= 2)
error(message('images:dicom_add_attr:AttributeNeedsPairsOfUint16Data', sprintf( '(%04X,%04X)', attr_str.Group, attr_str.Element )))
end
data_out = data_out';
end
data_out = data_out(:);
case 'DA'
% Convert a MATLAB serial date to a string.
if (isa(data_in, 'double'))
%
warning(message('images:dicom_add_attr:serialDateToString', sprintf( '(%04X,%04X)', attr_str.Group, attr_str.Element )))
tmp = datestr(data_in, 30); % yyyymmddTHHMMSS
data_out = tmp(1:8);
else
data_out = data_in;
end
case 'DS'
% Convert numeric values to strings.
if (~ischar(data_in))
data_out = convertNumericToString(data_in);
else
data_out = data_in;
end
case 'DT'
% Convert a MATLAB serial date to a string.
if (isa(data_in, 'double'))
%
warning(message('images:dicom_add_attr:serialDateToString', sprintf( '(%04X,%04X)', attr_str.Group, attr_str.Element )))
data_out = '';
for p = 1:length(data_in)
tmp_base = datestr(data_in, 30); % yyyymmddTHHMMSS
tmp_base(9) = '';
v = datevec(data_in);
tmp_fraction = sprintf('%0.6f', (v(end) - round(v(end))));
tmp_fraction(1) = ''; % Remove leading 0.
data_out = [data_out '\' tmp_base tmp_fraction(2:end)]; %#ok<AGROW>
end
else
data_out = data_in;
end
case 'FD'
data_out = double(data_in);
case 'FL'
data_out = single(data_in);
case 'IS'
% Convert numeric values to strings.
if (~ischar(data_in))
data_out = sprintf('%d\\', round(data_in));
data_out(end) = '';
else
data_out = data_in;
end
case 'OB'
% Convert logical values to packed UINT8 arrays.
if (islogical(data_in))
data_out = pack_logical(data_in, 8);
else
data_out = data_in;
end
case 'OW'
if (islogical(data_in))
% Convert logical values to packed UINT8 arrays.
data_out = pack_logical(data_in, 16);
elseif (isa(data_in, 'uint32') || isa(data_in, 'uint32'))
% 32-bit values need to be swapped as 16-bit short words not
% 32-bit words (e.g., "1234" byte order on LE should become
% "2143" on BE machines, and vice versa).
data_out = dicom_typecast(data_in, 'uint16');
else
data_out = data_in;
end
case 'PN'
% Convert person structures to strings.
if (isstruct(data_in))
data_out = struct_to_pn(data_in);
else
data_out = data_in;
end
case 'SL'
data_out = int32(data_in);
case 'SS'
data_out = int16(data_in);
case 'TM'
% Convert a MATLAB serial date to a string.
if (isa(data_in, 'double'))
%
warning(message('images:dicom_add_attr:serialDateToString', sprintf( '(%04X,%04X)', attr_str.Group, attr_str.Element )))
tmp = datestr(data_in, 30); % yyyymmddTHHMMSS
data_out = tmp(10:end);
else
data_out = data_in;
end
case 'UL'
data_out = uint32(data_in);
case 'UN'
if (isnumeric(data_in))
data_out = dicom_typecast(data_in, 'uint8');
else
data_out = data_in;
end
case 'US'
data_out = uint16(data_in);
otherwise
data_out = data_in;
end
function pn_string = struct_to_pn(pn_struct)
%STRUCT_TO_PN Convert a person name in a struct to a character string.
pn_string = '';
for p = 1:length(pn_struct)
% Build up the PN string for this value.
tmp = '';
if (isfield(pn_struct, 'FamilyName'))
tmp = [tmp, pn_struct.FamilyName, '^']; %#ok<AGROW>
else
tmp = [tmp, '^']; %#ok<AGROW>
end
if (isfield(pn_struct, 'GivenName'))
tmp = [tmp, pn_struct.GivenName, '^']; %#ok<AGROW>
else
tmp = [tmp, '^']; %#ok<AGROW>
end
if (isfield(pn_struct, 'MiddleName'))
tmp = [tmp, pn_struct.MiddleName, '^']; %#ok<AGROW>
else
tmp = [tmp, '^']; %#ok<AGROW>
end
if (isfield(pn_struct, 'NamePrefix'))
tmp = [tmp, pn_struct.NamePrefix, '^']; %#ok<AGROW>
else
tmp = [tmp, '^']; %#ok<AGROW>
end
if (isfield(pn_struct, 'NameSuffix'))
tmp = [tmp, pn_struct.NameSuffix, '^']; %#ok<AGROW>
else
tmp = [tmp, '^']; %#ok<AGROW>
end
% Remove trailing null components.
while ((~isempty(tmp)) && (isequal(tmp(end), '^')))
tmp(end) = '';
end
% Add this value to the output string.
pn_string = [pn_string, tmp, '\']; %#ok<AGROW>
end
% Remove trailing delimiter ('\').
pn_string(end) = '';
function bad_chars = find_invalid_chars(data, vr_details)
%FIND_INVALID_CHARS Look for invalid characters
bad_chars = setdiff(data, [vr_details.Char_repertoire, vr_details.Separator]);
function out = pad_data(in, vr_details)
%PAD_DATA Pad data to an even length
switch (vr_details.VR_name)
case {'AE', 'CS', 'DS' 'DT', 'IS', 'LO', 'LT', 'PN', 'SH', 'ST', 'TM', 'UT'}
out = in;
out(end + 1) = ' ';
case {'OB', 'UI', 'UN'}
out = in;
out(end + 1) = 0;
otherwise
% If it's numeric, it's even-byte aligned unless its 8-bit.
if ((isa(in, 'uint8')) || (isa(in, 'int8')))
out = in;
out(end + 1) = 0;
else
out = in;
end
end
function tf = has_correct_lengths(data, vr_details)
%HAS_CORRECT_LENGTHS Determine if data components are correctly sized.
if (isempty(vr_details.Separator))
% If there's no separator, then data lengths are unimportant (except
% for attributes with a VR of "AT", which have two UINT16 components.)
if (isnumeric(data))
if (isequal(vr_details.VR_name, 'AT'))
if (rem(numel(data), 2) == 1)
tf = 0;
else
tf = 1;
end
else
tf = 1;
end
elseif (isstruct(data))
tf = 1;
else
tf = ((numel(data) >= vr_details.Size_range(1)) & ...
(numel(data) <= vr_details.Size_range(2)));
end
else
% Find the separators.
idx = find(data == vr_details.Separator);
component_start = 1;
tf = 1;
% Test lengths for all but last component.
for p = 1:length(idx)
component_end = idx(p) - 1;
data_length = component_end - component_start + 1;
tf = tf * ...
((data_length >= vr_details.Size_range(1)) & ...
(data_length <= vr_details.Size_range(2)));
component_start = component_end + 2;
end
% Test length of the last (or only) component.
data_length = numel(data) - component_start + 1;
tf = tf * ...
((data_length >= vr_details.Size_range(1)) & ...
(data_length <= vr_details.Size_range(2)));
end
function strData = convertNumericToString(numData)
% Convert numeric data to character strings representing that
% data. DICOM number strings can be at most 16-bytes long and
% should use exponential notation where necessary.
%
% We use a complicated set of rules involving the sign of the data
% and its base-10 logarithm to pick a precision value for SPRINTF
% that maximizes the significant digits and prints at most 16
% characters.
%
% When viewed on a number line, the state transitions for the
% precision value are listed below. (That is, where do the rules
% for determining the format specifier change?)
%
% * -1E+14
% * -1E+0 (aka -1)
% * -1E-5
% * 0
% * 1E-5
% * 1E+0 (aka 1)
% * 1E+14
strData = '';
for idx = 1:numel(numData)
if (numData(idx) == 0)
% Avoid "log of 0" warnings and needless computations.
fmtString = '%d';
else
power10 = floor(log10(abs(double(numData(idx)))));
if (numData >= 0)
% The precision is:
% 0 <= x < 1E-5 --> %.10G
% 1E-5 <= x < 1 --> varies
% 1 <= x < 1E14 --> %.15G
% 1E14 <= x --> %.10G
if (power10 >= 14)
fmtString = '%.10G';
else
precision = max(10, min(15, power10 + 15));
fmtString = sprintf('%%.%dG', precision);
end
else
% The precision is:
% x < -1E14 --> %.9G
% -1E14 <= x < -1 --> %.14G
% -1 <= x < -1E-5 --> varies
% -1E-5 <= x < 0 --> %.9G
if (power10 >= 14)
fmtString = '%.9G';
else
precision = max(9, min(14, power10 + 14));
fmtString = sprintf('%%.%dG', precision);
end
end
end
strData = [strData, '\', sprintf(fmtString, numData(idx))]; %#ok<AGROW>
end
% Remove the leading '\' from the first iteration.
strData(1) = '';
function data_out = pack_logical(data_in, bits)
% Transpose the data to row-major format.
data_in = data_in';
data_in = data_in(:);
% The easiest way to pack the data is to perform matrix
% multiplication after reshaping the data to match the
% bit positions in the output data. (Pad if necessary.)
padded_output_length = ceil(numel(data_in) / bits);
if ((numel(data_in) / bits) ~= padded_output_length)
data_in(padded_output_length * bits) = 0;
end
% MATLAB doesn't support matrix multiplication of integral types,
% so use double. (Reshape the input data to be n-by-bits and
% multiply by the bits-by-1 mask to make an n-by-1 packed array.)
data_in = reshape(double(data_in), bits, [])';
mask = zeros(bits, 1);
for idx = 1:bits
mask(idx) = 2^(idx - 1);
end
% Pack the bits via matrix multiplication.
data_out = data_in * mask;
% Convert double data back to the correct type.
switch (bits)
case 8
data_out = uint8(data_out);
case 16
data_out = uint16(data_out);
otherwise
error(message('images:dicom_add_attr:badPackBits'))
end
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