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<div class="slides">
<section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h1><center> Scientific Programming <br> for Engineers (SP4E) </center></h1>
<center><img width="75%" src="figures/phd-comics-sp4e.png"></center>
</div>
</div></div>
</section></section><section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h1 id="-Welcome-"><center> Welcome </center><a class="anchor-link" href="#-Welcome-">&#182;</a></h1><ul>
<li>About the class<ul>
<li>The goal is to provide some useful knowledge (tool box) to the job of a PhD student who wants to perform a numerical work</li>
<li>Uncover the details of computers and numerical simulations: bring power (analogy blue/red pill of Matrix movie)</li>
<li>The class will be a bit particular (uncovering knowledge), thus it is personal and needs participation.</li>
<li>Students have to build their own understanding/experience on the various tasks required.</li>
<li>Evaluation will be made by evaluating homeworks.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h2 id="Difficulties-in-making-scientific-software">Difficulties in making scientific software<a class="anchor-link" href="#Difficulties-in-making-scientific-software">&#182;</a></h2>
</div>
</div><div class="fragment" style="width: 100%;float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<ul>
<li>Real numbers (and all rounding errors)<ul>
<li>Overflow and catastrophic cancellation</li>
<li><a href="http://ta.twi.tudelft.nl/users/vuik/wi211/disasters.html">Famous disaster about patriot missiles</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Units<ul>
<li>Conversion of units to be able to plug modules together</li>
<li>Non SI unit system needs explicit conversion between quantities</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter">Mars Orbiter disaster</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>Rapid changes</p>
<ul>
<li>Need of quick and easy implementation/insertion of new features</li>
<li>Need non regression tests</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>Large problems</p>
<ul>
<li>Need to manipulate large number of DOFs to increase accuracy</li>
<li>Need for collaborative tools to make cutting edge applications</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h4 id="--&quot;Computer-scientists-are/should-be-LAZY-(but-smartly)&quot;--"><em> <center> "Computer scientists are/should be LAZY (but smartly)" </center> </em><a class="anchor-link" href="#--&quot;Computer-scientists-are/should-be-LAZY-(but-smartly)&quot;--">&#182;</a></h4>
</div>
</div><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<center><img src="figures/automation.png"> <br></center>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<center><img src="figures/is_it_worth_the_time.png"></center>
</div>
</div></div>
</section></section><section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h2 id="-Cycles-for-engineering-production-of-scientific-software-"><center> Cycles for engineering production of scientific software </center><a class="anchor-link" href="#-Cycles-for-engineering-production-of-scientific-software-">&#182;</a></h2>
</div>
</div><div class="fragment" style="width: 100%;float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<ol>
<li>Scientific question</li>
<li>Analysis and formulation of the problem</li>
<li>Conception: algorithmic decision</li>
<li>Implementation</li>
<li>Deployment of the code</li>
<li>Analysis/post-treatment of the results</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div></div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h3 id="-Scientific-question-"><center> Scientific question </center><a class="anchor-link" href="#-Scientific-question-">&#182;</a></h3>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h3 id="-Analysis-and-formulation-of-the-problem-"><center> Analysis and formulation of the problem </center><a class="anchor-link" href="#-Analysis-and-formulation-of-the-problem-">&#182;</a></h3><ul>
<li>Math formulation: PDE, optimization, statistical, ...</li>
<li>Define the input and output of the model</li>
<li>Separate the post-treatment</li>
<li>If there are some analytical solutions you need to be aware</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h3 id="-Conception:-algorithmic-decision-"><center> Conception: algorithmic decision </center><a class="anchor-link" href="#-Conception:-algorithmic-decision-">&#182;</a></h3><ul>
<li>Make a chart diagram of the algorithm: separate the subparts</li>
<li>Choose/identify how to solve the subparts</li>
<li>Choose the appropriate data structures</li>
<li>For new algorithms, evaluate the complexity, make an effort of generalization</li>
<li>If global complexity unaffordable with the desired grain (number of DOFs) consider changing the model (back to 2:formulation )</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h3 id="-Implementation-"><center> Implementation </center><a class="anchor-link" href="#-Implementation-">&#182;</a></h3><ul>
<li>Identify existing software for the entire project and for the subparts</li>
<li>Decide a programming language</li>
<li>Decide a coding convention (question of style)</li>
<li>Decide where the code is hosted (for backups and revisions)</li>
<li>Decide a source documentation format</li>
<li>Program the thing</li>
<li>Setup of tests for each necessary sub-part (during programming)</li>
<li>Debug and check for memory leaks</li>
<li>The programming feasibility could here lead to change algorithms or model (back to 2:formulation or 3:conception)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h3 id="-Deployment-of-the-code-"><center> Deployment of the code </center><a class="anchor-link" href="#-Deployment-of-the-code-">&#182;</a></h3><ul>
<li>Identify the target machine</li>
<li>Fix compilation issues (multi-system, portability, architecture CPU vs. GPU)</li>
<li>Parametric study management (scripting the launch)</li>
<li>Computing shared/cluster of resources: queue system management</li>
<li>Compilation issue, version issues, could lead to implementation change (back to 4:implementation)</li>
<li>Specific hardware could invalidate the algorithmic decision (back to 3:conception)</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h3 id="-Analysis/post-treatment-of-the-results-"><center> Analysis/post-treatment of the results </center><a class="anchor-link" href="#-Analysis/post-treatment-of-the-results-">&#182;</a></h3><ul>
<li>Sorting/treating the output</li>
<li>Compute digested measures for the brute output (this should be faster than the computation itself otherwise back to 2:formulation)</li>
<li>Produce graphs (for papers and presentations)</li>
<li>3D vizualization</li>
<li>Validate numerical results, stability, coherence, comparison to experiment</li>
<li>If the validation fail get back to 5,4,3 or 2 is possible</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div>
</section></section><section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h1 id="-The-method-for-this-class-"><center> The method for this class </center><a class="anchor-link" href="#-The-method-for-this-class-">&#182;</a></h1><ul>
<li>Computer place: Your laptop<ul>
<li>Linux as main OS, Dualboot, or on a VirtualBox(might get slow)</li>
<li>Python framework</li>
<li>C++ framework</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><div class="fragment" style="width: 100%;float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<ul>
<li>Open source philosophy $\Rightarrow$ access to source<ul>
<li>Possibility to check the content of the code</li>
<li>Possibility to modify the code for your own purpose</li>
<li>Power of the community</li>
<li>Business model based on knowledge rather than license</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h1 id="-The-method-for-this-class-"><center> The method for this class </center><a class="anchor-link" href="#-The-method-for-this-class-">&#182;</a></h1><ul>
<li>Why C++ and in python<ul>
<li>Object oriented is a way to organize the programs for re-usability</li>
<li>C++ allows objects and efficiency</li>
<li>Python allows interactivity and quick testing</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><div class="fragment" style="width: 100%;float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<ul>
<li>On the repositories<ul>
<li>Program = bug</li>
<li>Since programs can be complex we need a tool to tag source revisions</li>
<li>Collaborative tool to software development</li>
<li>cvs, svn, git. There is a git at EPFL that we will use.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h1 id="-The-method-for-this-class-"><center> The method for this class </center><a class="anchor-link" href="#-The-method-for-this-class-">&#182;</a></h1><ul>
<li>On post-treatment programs<ul>
<li>Python is perfect for manipulating files, for parsing outputs, for making graphs</li>
<li>Many program exists for visualization. An opensource one: Paraview</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h1 id="-Books-as-support-for-the-course-"><center> Books as support for the course </center><a class="anchor-link" href="#-Books-as-support-for-the-course-">&#182;</a></h1><ul>
<li><a href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/C++_Programming">C++ wikibook</a></li>
<li><a href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Python_Programming">python wikibook</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.amazon.fr/Design-Patterns-Elements-Reusable-Object-Oriented/dp/0201633612">Design Patterns. Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Object-Oriented-Analysis-Design-Applications-Edition/dp/020189551X">Object-oriented analysis and design with applications</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Clean-Code-Handbook-Software-Craftsmanship/dp/0132350882/ref\%3Dsr_1_1_ha?s\%3Dbooks&amp;ie\%3DUTF8&amp;qid\%3D1410775932&amp;sr\%3D1-1&amp;keywords\%3Dclean\%2Bcode">Clean code</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Parallel-Scientific-Computing-MPI-Implementation/dp/0521520800">Parallel scientific computing in c++ and mpi: a seamless approach</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h1 id="Previous-student-evaluations">Previous student evaluations<a class="anchor-link" href="#Previous-student-evaluations">&#182;</a></h1>
</div>
</div><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h2 id="(-)">(-)<a class="anchor-link" href="#(-)">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li>The pace is too fast. [...] However, I think content covered is important and should not be reduced</li>
<li>[...] considering the programming level of the students attending the course, I think that they get overloaded with too much information</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><div class="fragment" style="width: 100%;float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<center><img width="30%" src="figures/learning-curve-sp4e.png"></center>
</div>
</div></div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h1 id="Previous-student-evaluations">Previous student evaluations<a class="anchor-link" href="#Previous-student-evaluations">&#182;</a></h1>
</div>
</div><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h2 id="(-)">(-)<a class="anchor-link" href="#(-)">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li>Specific distributions, environments and package versions to work with are rarely specified. Hence, students must spend a significant amount of time figuring out version issues, package incompatibilities...</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div><div class="fragment" style="width: 100%;float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<p><font color="red"> We have prepared the class material for LINUX</font></p>
</div>
</div></div><div class="fragment" style="width: 100%;float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h2 id="(+)">(+)<a class="anchor-link" href="#(+)">&#182;</a></h2><ul>
<li>This was honestly one of the best courses I have ever had. The Professor and the assistants are all very knowledgeable about the course material and make a lot of effort to answer all our questions both in class and on the forum and at any time</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div></div>
</section></section><section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h1 id="-Class-plan-description-"><center> Class plan description </center><a class="anchor-link" href="#-Class-plan-description-">&#182;</a></h1>
</div>
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<li>Thursday 19-th Sep: Introduction, GIT, python hello world</li>
<li>Thursday 26-th Sep: C++ hello world, floating point numbers, pi computation</li>
<li>Thursday 03-th Oct: C++ STL, Coding convention (C++11)</li>
<li>Thursday 10-th Oct: Paraview, Numpy&amp;Scipy, Matplotlib, Exercise: conjugate gradient (<strong>Homework</strong>)</li>
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<li>Thursday 17-th Oct: Object oriented with python</li>
<li>Thursday 24-th Oct: Object oriented with C++ (<strong>Homework</strong>)</li>
<li>Thursday 31-th Oct: Interactive session to design Particle's code, Design patterns, Implementation of simple kepler orbit</li>
<li>Thursday 07-th Nov: Continuing adimentional kepler's orbit</li>
</ul>
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<h1 id="-Class-plan-description-"><center> Class plan description </center><a class="anchor-link" href="#-Class-plan-description-">&#182;</a></h1>
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<li>Thursday 14-th Nov: Google test. Exercise Produce a test suite for particle's code</li>
<li>Thursday 21-th Nov: Code optimization and Templates + pingpong ball</li>
<li>Thursday 28-th Nov: Using external libraries. Exercise with FFTW (porting to C++) (<strong>Homework</strong>)</li>
</ul>
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<li>Thursday 19-th Dec: Template library: Eigen. Exercise: mass-spring equilibrium</li>
<li>Thursday 26-th Dec: PyBind+cppimport. Exercise porting the particle's code to python (<strong>Homework</strong>)</li>
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<h2 id="-The--GIT-"><center> The <i> GIT</i> </center><a class="anchor-link" href="#-The--GIT-">&#182;</a></h2><center><img src="figures/git-xkcd.png"></center>
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</section><section>
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<h2 id="What-would-you-demand-to-a-tool-that-will-hold-your-program-sources-?">What would you demand to a tool that will hold your program sources ?<a class="anchor-link" href="#What-would-you-demand-to-a-tool-that-will-hold-your-program-sources-?">&#182;</a></h2>
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<ul>
<li>Manage history (evolution in time)</li>
<li>Rewind time</li>
<li>Transport/Backup through network</li>
<li>Team/Concurrent working</li>
</ul>
<p>This is the standard of most <strong>Version control systems</strong> such as <strong>GIT</strong></p>
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<h1><center> Revision manager: <br> The GIT & c4science </center></h1>
<ul>
<li>Git is a free distributed version control system (DVCS), used for source code management (SCM)</li>
<li>Git operates on a decentralized architecture, so every git working directory has the complete history</li>
<li>Git was initiallydesigned and created by Linus Torvalds for Linux kernel development</li>
<li>EPFL has a GIT repository service (<a href="http://c4science.ch/">http://c4science.ch/</a>)</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version_control_system">wikipedia: revision control system</a><br>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git">wikipedia: git</a></p>
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<h3 id="GIT---Clone-repositories">GIT - Clone repositories<a class="anchor-link" href="#GIT---Clone-repositories">&#182;</a></h3>
<pre><code>git clone ssh://git@c4science.ch/source/sp4e.git mydir</code></pre>
<center><img src="figures/git-cloning.png"></center>
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<ul>
<li>The <em>working copy</em> is the state (can be modified) of a selected branch (definition comes later)</li>
<li>To know the status of the working copy:
<pre><code>git status</code></pre>
</li>
<li>See the log
<pre><code>git log</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<h3 id="GIT---Commit-your-modifications">GIT - Commit your modifications<a class="anchor-link" href="#GIT---Commit-your-modifications">&#182;</a></h3>
<pre><code>git commit -m "interesting modification" file.cc</code></pre>
<center><img src="figures/git-commit.png"></center>
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</section><section>
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<h3 id="GIT---Branches">GIT - Branches<a class="anchor-link" href="#GIT---Branches">&#182;</a></h3><p><center><img width="45%" src="./figures/branches.jpg"></center></p>
<ul>
<li>All modern VCSs have a mechanism for branches</li>
<li>Branching means you diverge from the main line of development and continue without perturbing the code</li>
<li>Branches can evolve independently</li>
<li>The main branch in GIT is usually called <em>master</em></li>
<li><a href="https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Branching-Branches-in-a-Nutshell">GIT doc on branches</a></li>
</ul>
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<ul>
<li>See/create branches:
<pre><code>git branch</code></pre>
</li>
<li>Change the working copy to another branch
<pre><code>git checkout stable-branch</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="GIT---Push-your-modifications">GIT - Push your modifications<a class="anchor-link" href="#GIT---Push-your-modifications">&#182;</a></h3>
<pre><code>git push origin master</code></pre>
<center><img src="figures/git-push.png"></center><ul>
<li>This operation sends the current branch and merge it into the remote branch</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="GIT---Pull-modifications">GIT - Pull modifications<a class="anchor-link" href="#GIT---Pull-modifications">&#182;</a></h3>
<pre><code>git pull origin master</code></pre>
<center><img src="figures/git-pull.png"></center><ul>
<li>This operation actually fetch the remote branch and merge into current branch</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="GIT---remotes">GIT - remotes<a class="anchor-link" href="#GIT---remotes">&#182;</a></h3><ul>
<li>You can pull/push to more than a single remote</li>
<li>list the declared remotes:
<pre><code>git remote -v</code></pre>
</li>
<li>add/remove remotes
<pre><code>git remote add/remove</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="GIT---commands">GIT - commands<a class="anchor-link" href="#GIT---commands">&#182;</a></h3><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>git log
</pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>git status
</pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>git checkout
</pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>git add file.cc
</pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>git rm file.cc
</pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>git mv file.cc
</pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>git commit -m <span class="s2">&quot;nice message&quot;</span> file.cc
</pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>git push remote_name branch_name
git push origin master
</pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>git diff
git diff revision_hash
</pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>git <span class="nb">help</span> whatever_command
</pre></div>
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<h3 id="GIT---creation/import">GIT - creation/import<a class="anchor-link" href="#GIT---creation/import">&#182;</a></h3><ul>
<li>Create a repository: git init</li>
<li>Adding new files: git add file1 file2 file3</li>
<li>Commit the status: git commit</li>
<li>Add the remote: git remote add origin URI</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id=".gitignore">.gitignore<a class="anchor-link" href="#.gitignore">&#182;</a></h3><ul>
<li>File to place file patterns to be ignored</li>
<li>example: *~ *.o *.pyc</li>
</ul>
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<h2><center> Implicit rule: do not commit something <br> <text style="color:red"> that is not compiling </text> <br> to a shared/public repository </center></h2>
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<h3 id="GIT---resources">GIT - resources<a class="anchor-link" href="#GIT---resources">&#182;</a></h3><ul>
<li>Cheat Sheet: <a href="http://ndpsoftware.com/git-cheatsheet.html">http://ndpsoftware.com/git-cheatsheet.html</a></li>
<li>Simple guide: <a href="http://rogerdudler.github.io/git-guide/">http://rogerdudler.github.io/git-guide/</a></li>
<li>Nice tutorial: <a href="http://learngitbranching.js.org/">http://learngitbranching.js.org/</a></li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="c4science.ch">c4science.ch<a class="anchor-link" href="#c4science.ch">&#182;</a></h3><p><strong>What is c4science ?</strong></p>
<p>C4 Science is a co-creation platform, curation and code sharing. This platform includes:</p>
<ul>
<li>Version management system</li>
<li>Common authentication to all Swiss universities to local + external collaborators</li>
<li>Social dimension (wikis, bug tracking, ...)</li>
<li>Code test system (continuous integration)</li>
<li>Swiss alternative to github</li>
</ul>
</div>
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<h3 id="c4science.ch">c4science.ch<a class="anchor-link" href="#c4science.ch">&#182;</a></h3><p><strong>Connect to c4science</strong></p>
<p>The recommended way to connect to the c4science server (and actually any distant linux machine) is through the SSH protocol:</p>
<center><img src="figures/ssh.png"></center><ul>
<li>You need a pair of keys: one public and one private</li>
<li>They are stored in the directory <em>.ssh</em> in your home directory</li>
<li>The public can be distributed, the private should stay <strong>secret</strong></li>
<li>A good habit is to generate one key-pair per client and never transport the private key</li>
</ul>
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<h3 id="Interactive-session-on-manipulating-git">Interactive session on manipulating git<a class="anchor-link" href="#Interactive-session-on-manipulating-git">&#182;</a></h3><ul>
<li>installing git</li>
<li>creating a repository on <em>c4science</em></li>
<li>cloning it to private laptop</li>
<li>fix permissions</li>
<li>manage conflicts</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div>
</section></section><section><section>
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<h1><center>Python language <br> concepts and syntax </center></h1>
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<center> Please install Python/Anaconda on you laptop </center>
</div>
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</section><section>
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<ul>
<li>comments</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">#my super comment</span>
</pre></div>
<ul>
<li>command print</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<ul>
<li>type</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span>
<span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">10.</span>
<span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<ul>
<li>Converting string to integer or float</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;1.2&quot;</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">a_int</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a_int</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">a_float</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a_float</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></div>
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<ul>
<li>list<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">a</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">a</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">append</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="mi">4</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">])</span>
</pre></div>
</li>
<li>maps/dictionaries<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">planet</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">dict</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">planet</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;mars&quot;</span>
<span class="n">planet</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;radius&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">1.2</span>
<span class="n">planet</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">&quot;mass&quot;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0.4</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">planet</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
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<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<ul>
<li>blocks in python identified by ':' and with the indentation<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">block_start</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c1">#start of the block</span>
<span class="n">instruction1</span>
<span class="n">instruction2</span>
<span class="n">instruction3</span>
<span class="c1">#end of the block</span>
</pre></div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<ul>
<li>if conditions<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;a != 0&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;a == 0&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<ul>
<li>for loops (beware the indentation)</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">mylist</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<ul>
<li>defining function<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">arg3</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="o">...</span>
<span class="n">some_code</span>
<span class="o">...</span>
</pre></div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<ul>
<li>opening files for writing</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">f</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;my_super_filename.csv&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;w&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;#X Y Z VX VY VZ FX FY FZ mass radius name</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">f</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
<ul>
<li>opening a file and read line by line</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">f</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;my_super_filename.csv&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;r&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">entries</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">line</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">entries</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<ul>
<li>using other modules</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># request to use another module</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span>
</pre></div>
<ul>
<li>splitting your program in several files</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1">#my_module.py</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arg</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">arg</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">1</span>
</pre></div>
<p>I can call this function from another file with</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">my_module</span>
<span class="n">res</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">my_module</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<ul>
<li>The file must be <em>accessible</em></li>
<li>To control what is accessible, the <em>environment variable</em> <strong>PYTHONPATH</strong> is checked</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<ul>
<li>launching a python script from the terminal</li>
</ul>
<pre><code>python3 exe.py arg1 arg2 arg3</code></pre>
<ul>
<li>how to get the arguments passed to the program ?</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span>
<span class="c1"># the arguments are stored in the list sys.argv</span>
<span class="c1"># for instance you can print it with</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">argv</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div></div>
</section><section>
<div class="slide" style="float: left"><div class="full" style="width: 100%; float: left">
<div class="text_cell_render border-box-sizing rendered_html">
<h3 id="Interactive-session-on-the-Hello-world">Interactive session on the Hello world<a class="anchor-link" href="#Interactive-session-on-the-Hello-world">&#182;</a></h3><ul>
<li>Use GIT to access the first exercise</li>
<li>How to split a source file into modules</li>
<li>Manipulating program arguments (argv)</li>
<li>Series calculation</li>
<li>Debugger PDB</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div></div>
</section></section>
</div>
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