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rAKA akantu
structural_mechanics_model.cc
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/**
* Copyright (©) 2011-2023 EPFL (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne)
* Laboratory (LSMS - Laboratoire de Simulation en Mécanique des Solides)
*
* This file is part of Akantu
*
* Akantu is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
* terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
* Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
* later version.
*
* Akantu is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
* WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
* A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
* details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
* along with Akantu. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
#include "structural_mechanics_model.hh"
#include "dof_manager.hh"
#include "integrator_gauss.hh"
#include "mesh.hh"
#include "shape_structural.hh"
#include "sparse_matrix.hh"
#include "time_step_solver.hh"
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
#include "dumpable_inline_impl.hh"
#include "dumper_elemental_field.hh"
#include "dumper_internal_material_field.hh"
#include "dumper_iohelper_paraview.hh"
#include "group_manager_inline_impl.hh"
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
#include "structural_element_bernoulli_beam_2.hh"
#include "structural_element_bernoulli_beam_3.hh"
#include "structural_element_kirchhoff_shell.hh"
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
// #include "structural_mechanics_model_inline_impl.hh"
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
namespace akantu {
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
inline UInt StructuralMechanicsModel::getNbDegreeOfFreedom(ElementType type) {
return tuple_dispatch<ElementTypes_t<_ek_structural>>(
[&](auto && enum_type) {
constexpr ElementType type = aka::decay_v<decltype(enum_type)>;
return ElementClass<type>::getNbDegreeOfFreedom();
},
type);
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
StructuralMechanicsModel::StructuralMechanicsModel(Mesh & mesh, Int dim,
const ID & id)
: Model(mesh, ModelType::_structural_mechanics_model, dim, id), f_m2a(1.0),
stress("stress", id), element_material("element_material", id),
set_ID("beam sets", id) {
AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();
registerFEEngineObject<MyFEEngineType>("StructuralMechanicsFEEngine", mesh,
spatial_dimension);
if (spatial_dimension == 2) {
nb_degree_of_freedom = 3;
} else if (spatial_dimension == 3) {
nb_degree_of_freedom = 6;
} else {
AKANTU_TO_IMPLEMENT();
}
this->mesh.registerDumper<DumperParaview>("structural_mechanics_model", id,
true);
this->mesh.addDumpMesh(mesh, spatial_dimension, _not_ghost, _ek_structural);
this->initDOFManager();
this->dumper_default_element_kind = _ek_structural;
mesh.getElementalData<Real>("extra_normal")
.initialize(mesh, _element_kind = _ek_structural,
_nb_component = spatial_dimension, _with_nb_element = true,
_default_value = 0.);
AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
StructuralMechanicsModel::~StructuralMechanicsModel() = default;
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
void StructuralMechanicsModel::initFullImpl(const ModelOptions & options) {
Model::initFullImpl(options);
// Initializing stresses
ElementTypeMap<UInt> stress_components;
for (auto && type : mesh.elementTypes(_spatial_dimension = _all_dimensions,
_element_kind = _ek_structural)) {
// Getting number of components for each element type
auto nb_components = tuple_dispatch<ElementTypes_t<_ek_structural>>(
[&](auto && enum_type) {
constexpr ElementType type = aka::decay_v<decltype(enum_type)>;
return ElementClass<type>::getNbStressComponents();
},
type);
stress_components(nb_components, type);
}
stress.initialize(
getFEEngine(), _spatial_dimension = _all_dimensions,
_element_kind = _ek_structural,
_nb_component = [&stress_components](ElementType type,
GhostType /*unused*/) -> UInt {
return stress_components(type);
});
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
void StructuralMechanicsModel::initFEEngineBoundary() {
/// this function should not be reimplemented
/// we're just avoiding a call to Model::initFEEngineBoundary()
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
void StructuralMechanicsModel::setTimeStep(Real time_step,
const ID & solver_id) {
Model::setTimeStep(time_step, solver_id);
this->mesh.getDumper().setTimeStep(time_step);
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/* Initialisation */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
void StructuralMechanicsModel::initSolver(
TimeStepSolverType time_step_solver_type, NonLinearSolverType /*unused*/) {
AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();
this->allocNodalField(displacement_rotation, nb_degree_of_freedom,
"displacement");
this->allocNodalField(external_force, nb_degree_of_freedom, "external_force");
this->allocNodalField(internal_force, nb_degree_of_freedom, "internal_force");
this->allocNodalField(blocked_dofs, nb_degree_of_freedom, "blocked_dofs");
auto & dof_manager = this->getDOFManager();
if (not dof_manager.hasDOFs("displacement")) {
dof_manager.registerDOFs("displacement", *displacement_rotation,
_dst_nodal);
dof_manager.registerBlockedDOFs("displacement", *this->blocked_dofs);
}
if (time_step_solver_type == TimeStepSolverType::_dynamic ||
time_step_solver_type == TimeStepSolverType::_dynamic_lumped) {
this->allocNodalField(velocity, nb_degree_of_freedom, "velocity");
this->allocNodalField(acceleration, nb_degree_of_freedom, "acceleration");
if (!dof_manager.hasDOFsDerivatives("displacement", 1)) {
dof_manager.registerDOFsDerivative("displacement", 1, *this->velocity);
dof_manager.registerDOFsDerivative("displacement", 2,
*this->acceleration);
}
/* Only allocate the mass if the "lumped" mode is ennabled.
* Also it is not a 1D array, but has an element for every
* DOF, which are most of the time equal, but makes handling
* some operations a bit simpler. */
if (time_step_solver_type == TimeStepSolverType::_dynamic_lumped) {
this->allocateLumpedMassArray();
}
}
AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
void StructuralMechanicsModel::initModel() {
element_material.initialize(mesh, _element_kind = _ek_structural,
_default_value = 0, _with_nb_element = true);
getFEEngine().initShapeFunctions(_not_ghost);
getFEEngine().initShapeFunctions(_ghost);
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
void StructuralMechanicsModel::assembleStiffnessMatrix() {
AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();
if (not need_to_reassemble_stiffness) {
return;
}
if (not getDOFManager().hasMatrix("K")) {
getDOFManager().getNewMatrix("K", getMatrixType("K"));
}
this->getDOFManager().zeroMatrix("K");
for (const auto & type :
mesh.elementTypes(spatial_dimension, _not_ghost, _ek_structural)) {
tuple_dispatch<ElementTypes_t<_ek_structural>>(
[&](auto && enum_type) {
constexpr ElementType type = aka::decay_v<decltype(enum_type)>;
this->assembleStiffnessMatrix<type>();
},
type);
}
need_to_reassemble_stiffness = false;
AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
void StructuralMechanicsModel::computeStresses() {
AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();
for (const auto & type :
mesh.elementTypes(spatial_dimension, _not_ghost, _ek_structural)) {
tuple_dispatch<ElementTypes_t<_ek_structural>>(
[&](auto && enum_type) {
constexpr ElementType type = aka::decay_v<decltype(enum_type)>;
this->computeStressOnQuad<type>();
},
type);
}
AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
bool StructuralMechanicsModel::allocateLumpedMassArray() {
this->allocNodalField(this->mass, this->nb_degree_of_freedom, "lumped_mass");
return true;
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
std::shared_ptr<dumpers::Field> StructuralMechanicsModel::createNodalFieldBool(
const std::string & field_name, const std::string & group_name,
__attribute__((unused)) bool padding_flag) {
std::map<std::string, Array<bool> *> uint_nodal_fields;
uint_nodal_fields["blocked_dofs"] = blocked_dofs.get();
return mesh.createNodalField(uint_nodal_fields[field_name], group_name);
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
std::shared_ptr<dumpers::Field>
StructuralMechanicsModel::createNodalFieldReal(const std::string & field_name,
const std::string & group_name,
bool padding_flag) {
UInt n;
if (spatial_dimension == 2) {
n = 2;
} else {
n = 3;
}
UInt padding_size = 0;
if (padding_flag) {
padding_size = 3;
}
if (field_name == "displacement") {
return mesh.createStridedNodalField(displacement_rotation.get(), group_name,
n, 0, padding_size);
}
if (field_name == "velocity") {
return mesh.createStridedNodalField(velocity.get(), group_name, n, 0,
padding_size);
}
if (field_name == "acceleration") {
return mesh.createStridedNodalField(acceleration.get(), group_name, n, 0,
padding_size);
}
if (field_name == "rotation") {
return mesh.createStridedNodalField(displacement_rotation.get(), group_name,
nb_degree_of_freedom - n, n,
padding_size);
}
if (field_name == "force") {
return mesh.createStridedNodalField(external_force.get(), group_name, n, 0,
padding_size);
}
if (field_name == "external_force") {
return mesh.createStridedNodalField(external_force.get(), group_name, n, 0,
padding_size);
}
if (field_name == "momentum") {
return mesh.createStridedNodalField(external_force.get(), group_name,
nb_degree_of_freedom - n, n,
padding_size);
}
if (field_name == "internal_force") {
return mesh.createStridedNodalField(internal_force.get(), group_name, n, 0,
padding_size);
}
if (field_name == "internal_momentum") {
return mesh.createStridedNodalField(internal_force.get(), group_name,
nb_degree_of_freedom - n, n,
padding_size);
}
if (field_name == "mass") {
AKANTU_DEBUG_ASSERT(this->mass.get() != nullptr,
"The lumped mass matrix was not allocated.");
return mesh.createStridedNodalField(this->mass.get(), group_name, n, 0,
padding_size);
}
return nullptr;
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
std::shared_ptr<dumpers::Field> StructuralMechanicsModel::createElementalField(
const std::string & field_name, const std::string & group_name,
bool /*unused*/, Int spatial_dimension, ElementKind kind) {
std::shared_ptr<dumpers::Field> field;
if (field_name == "element_index_by_material") {
field =
mesh.createElementalField<Idx, Vector<Idx>, dumpers::ElementalField>(
field_name, group_name, spatial_dimension, kind);
}
if (field_name == "stress") {
ElementTypeMap<Int> nb_data_per_elem = this->mesh.getNbDataPerElem(stress);
field = mesh.createElementalField<Real, dumpers::InternalMaterialField>(
stress, group_name, this->spatial_dimension, kind, nb_data_per_elem);
}
return field;
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/* Virtual methods from SolverCallback */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/// get the type of matrix needed
MatrixType StructuralMechanicsModel::getMatrixType(const ID & /*id*/) const {
return _symmetric;
}
/// callback to assemble a Matrix
void StructuralMechanicsModel::assembleMatrix(const ID & id) {
if (id == "K") {
assembleStiffnessMatrix();
} else if (id == "M") {
assembleMassMatrix();
}
}
/// callback to assemble a lumped Matrix
void StructuralMechanicsModel::assembleLumpedMatrix(const ID & id) {
if ("M" == id) {
this->assembleLumpedMassMatrix();
}
return;
}
/// callback to assemble the residual StructuralMechanicsModel::(rhs)
void StructuralMechanicsModel::assembleResidual() {
AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();
auto & dof_manager = getDOFManager();
assembleInternalForce();
/* This is essentially a summing up of forces
* first the external forces are counted for and then stored inside the
* residual.
*/
dof_manager.assembleToResidual("displacement", *external_force, 1);
dof_manager.assembleToResidual("displacement", *internal_force, 1);
AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
void StructuralMechanicsModel::assembleResidual(const ID & residual_part) {
AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();
auto & dof_manager = this->getDOFManager();
if ("external" == residual_part) {
dof_manager.assembleToResidual("displacement", *this->external_force, 1);
AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
return;
}
if ("internal" == residual_part) {
this->assembleInternalForce();
dof_manager.assembleToResidual("displacement", *this->internal_force, 1);
AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
return;
}
AKANTU_CUSTOM_EXCEPTION(
debug::SolverCallbackResidualPartUnknown(residual_part));
AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/* Virtual methods from Model */
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
/// get some default values for derived classes
std::tuple<ID, TimeStepSolverType>
StructuralMechanicsModel::getDefaultSolverID(const AnalysisMethod & method) {
switch (method) {
case _static: {
return std::make_tuple("static", TimeStepSolverType::_static);
}
case _implicit_dynamic: {
return std::make_tuple("implicit", TimeStepSolverType::_dynamic);
}
case _explicit_lumped_mass: { // Taken from the solid mechanics part
return std::make_tuple("explicit_lumped",
TimeStepSolverType::_dynamic_lumped);
}
case _explicit_consistent_mass: { // Taken from the solid mechanics part
return std::make_tuple("explicit", TimeStepSolverType::_dynamic);
}
default:
std::cout << "UNKOWN." << std::endl;
return std::make_tuple("unknown", TimeStepSolverType::_not_defined);
}
}
/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------ */
ModelSolverOptions StructuralMechanicsModel::getDefaultSolverOptions(
const TimeStepSolverType & type) const {
ModelSolverOptions options;
switch (type) {
case TimeStepSolverType::_dynamic_lumped: { // Taken from the solid mechanic
// part
options.non_linear_solver_type = NonLinearSolverType::_lumped;
options.integration_scheme_type["displacement"] =
IntegrationSchemeType::_central_difference;
options.solution_type["displacement"] = IntegrationScheme::_acceleration;
break;
}
case TimeStepSolverType::_static: {
options.non_linear_solver_type =
NonLinearSolverType::_newton_raphson; // _linear;
options.integration_scheme_type["displacement"] =
IntegrationSchemeType::_pseudo_time;
options.solution_type["displacement"] = IntegrationScheme::_not_defined;
break;
}
#if 1
case TimeStepSolverType::_dynamic: { // Copied from solid
if (this->method == _explicit_consistent_mass) {
options.non_linear_solver_type = NonLinearSolverType::_newton_raphson;
options.integration_scheme_type["displacement"] =
IntegrationSchemeType::_central_difference;
options.solution_type["displacement"] = IntegrationScheme::_acceleration;
} else {
options.non_linear_solver_type = NonLinearSolverType::_newton_raphson;
options.integration_scheme_type["displacement"] =
IntegrationSchemeType::_trapezoidal_rule_2;
options.solution_type["displacement"] = IntegrationScheme::_displacement;
}
break;
}
#else
case TimeStepSolverType::_dynamic: { // Original
options.non_linear_solver_type = NonLinearSolverType::_newton_raphson;
options.integration_scheme_type["displacement"] =
IntegrationSchemeType::_trapezoidal_rule_2;
options.solution_type["displacement"] = IntegrationScheme::_displacement;
break;
}
#endif
default:
AKANTU_EXCEPTION(type << " is not a valid time step solver type");
}
return options;
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
void StructuralMechanicsModel::assembleInternalForce() {
internal_force->zero();
computeStresses();
for (auto type : mesh.elementTypes(_spatial_dimension = _all_dimensions,
_element_kind = _ek_structural)) {
assembleInternalForce(type, _not_ghost);
// assembleInternalForce(type, _ghost);
}
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
void StructuralMechanicsModel::assembleInternalForce(ElementType type,
GhostType gt) {
auto & fem = getFEEngine();
auto & sigma = stress(type, gt);
auto ndof = getNbDegreeOfFreedom(type);
auto nb_nodes = mesh.getNbNodesPerElement(type);
auto ndof_per_elem = ndof * nb_nodes;
Array<Real> BtSigma(fem.getNbIntegrationPoints(type) *
mesh.getNbElement(type),
ndof_per_elem, "BtSigma");
fem.computeBtD(sigma, BtSigma, type, gt);
Array<Real> intBtSigma(0, ndof_per_elem, "intBtSigma");
fem.integrate(BtSigma, intBtSigma, ndof_per_elem, type, gt);
getDOFManager().assembleElementalArrayLocalArray(intBtSigma, *internal_force,
type, gt, -1.);
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
Real StructuralMechanicsModel::getKineticEnergy() {
const UInt nb_nodes = mesh.getNbNodes();
const UInt nb_degree_of_freedom = this->nb_degree_of_freedom;
Real ekin = 0.; // used to sum up energy (is divided by two at the very end)
if (this->getDOFManager().hasLumpedMatrix("M")) {
/* This code computes the kinetic energy for the case when the mass is
* lumped. It is based on the solid mechanic equivalent.
*/
AKANTU_DEBUG_ASSERT(this->mass != nullptr,
"The lumped mass is not allocated.");
this->assembleLumpedMatrix("M");
/* Iterating over all nodes.
* Important the velocity and mass also contains the rotational parts.
* However, they can be handled in an uniform way. */
for (auto && data :
zip(arange(nb_nodes), make_view(*this->velocity, nb_degree_of_freedom),
make_view(*this->mass, nb_degree_of_freedom))) {
const UInt n = std::get<0>(data); // This is the ID of the current node
// Only handle the node if it belongs to us.
if (not mesh.isLocalOrMasterNode(n)) {
continue;
}
const auto & velocity = std::get<1>(data);
const auto & mass = std::get<2>(data);
Real mv2 = 0.;
for (auto && node_data : zip(velocity, mass)) {
mv2 += Math::pow<2>(std::get<0>(node_data)) * std::get<1>(node_data);
}
ekin += mv2;
}
} else if (this->getDOFManager().hasMatrix("M")) {
/* Handle the case where no lumped mass is there.
* This is basically the original code.
*/
this->assembleMassMatrix();
Array<Real> Mv(nb_nodes, nb_degree_of_freedom);
this->getDOFManager().assembleMatMulVectToArray("displacement", "M",
*this->velocity, Mv);
for (auto && data :
zip(arange(nb_nodes), make_view(Mv, nb_degree_of_freedom),
make_view(*this->velocity, nb_degree_of_freedom))) {
// only consider the node if we are belonging to it
if (mesh.isLocalOrMasterNode(std::get<0>(data))) {
ekin += std::get<2>(data).dot(std::get<1>(data));
}
}
} else {
/* This is the case where no mass is present, for whatever reason, such as
* the static case. We handle it specially be returning directly zero.
* However, by doing that there will not be a synchronizing event as in the
* other cases. Which is faster, but could be a problem in case the user
* expects this.
*
* Another not is, that the solid mechanics part, would generate an error in
* this clause. But, since the original implementation of the structural
* part, did not do that, I, Philip, decided to refrain from that. However,
* it is an option that should be considered.
*/
return 0.;
}
// Sum up across the comunicator
mesh.getCommunicator().allReduce(ekin, SynchronizerOperation::_sum);
return ekin / 2.; // finally divide the energy by two
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
Real StructuralMechanicsModel::getPotentialEnergy() {
Real epot = 0.;
UInt nb_nodes = mesh.getNbNodes();
// if stiffness matrix is not assembled, do it
this->assembleStiffnessMatrix();
Array<Real> Ku(nb_nodes, nb_degree_of_freedom);
this->getDOFManager().assembleMatMulVectToArray(
"displacement", "K", *this->displacement_rotation, Ku);
for (auto && data :
zip(arange(nb_nodes), make_view(Ku, nb_degree_of_freedom),
make_view(*this->displacement_rotation, nb_degree_of_freedom))) {
epot += std::get<2>(data).dot(std::get<1>(data)) *
static_cast<Real>(mesh.isLocalOrMasterNode(std::get<0>(data)));
}
mesh.getCommunicator().allReduce(epot, SynchronizerOperation::_sum);
return epot / 2.;
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
Real StructuralMechanicsModel::getEnergy(const ID & energy) {
if (energy == "kinetic") {
return getKineticEnergy();
}
if (energy == "potential") {
return getPotentialEnergy();
}
return 0;
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
void StructuralMechanicsModel::computeForcesByLocalTractionArray(
const Array<Real> & tractions, ElementType type) {
AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();
auto nb_element = getFEEngine().getMesh().getNbElement(type);
auto nb_nodes_per_element =
getFEEngine().getMesh().getNbNodesPerElement(type);
auto nb_quad = getFEEngine().getNbIntegrationPoints(type);
// check dimension match
AKANTU_DEBUG_ASSERT(
Mesh::getSpatialDimension(type) == getFEEngine().getElementDimension(),
"element type dimension does not match the dimension of boundaries : "
<< getFEEngine().getElementDimension()
<< " != " << Mesh::getSpatialDimension(type));
// check size of the vector
AKANTU_DEBUG_ASSERT(
tractions.size() == nb_quad * nb_element,
"the size of the vector should be the total number of quadrature points");
// check number of components
AKANTU_DEBUG_ASSERT(tractions.getNbComponent() == nb_degree_of_freedom,
"the number of components should be the spatial "
"dimension of the problem");
Array<Real> Ntbs(nb_element * nb_quad,
nb_degree_of_freedom * nb_nodes_per_element);
auto & fem = getFEEngine();
fem.computeNtb(tractions, Ntbs, type);
// allocate the vector that will contain the integrated values
auto name = id + std::to_string(type) + ":integral_boundary";
Array<Real> int_funct(nb_element, nb_degree_of_freedom * nb_nodes_per_element,
name);
// do the integration
getFEEngine().integrate(Ntbs, int_funct,
nb_degree_of_freedom * nb_nodes_per_element, type);
// assemble the result into force vector
getDOFManager().assembleElementalArrayLocalArray(int_funct, *external_force,
type, _not_ghost, 1);
AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
void StructuralMechanicsModel::computeForcesByGlobalTractionArray(
const Array<Real> & traction_global, ElementType type) {
AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();
auto nb_element = mesh.getNbElement(type);
auto nb_quad = getFEEngine().getNbIntegrationPoints(type);
Array<Real> traction_local(nb_element * nb_quad, nb_degree_of_freedom,
id + ":structuralmechanics:imposed_linear_load");
auto R_it = getFEEngineClass<MyFEEngineType>()
.getShapeFunctions()
.getRotations(type)
.begin(nb_degree_of_freedom, nb_degree_of_freedom);
auto Te_it = traction_global.begin(nb_degree_of_freedom);
auto te_it = traction_local.begin(nb_degree_of_freedom);
for (Int e = 0; e < nb_element; ++e, ++R_it) {
for (Int q = 0; q < nb_quad; ++q, ++Te_it, ++te_it) {
// turn the traction in the local referential
*te_it = *R_it * *Te_it;
}
}
computeForcesByLocalTractionArray(traction_local, type);
AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
void StructuralMechanicsModel::afterSolveStep(bool converged) {
if (converged) {
assembleInternalForce();
}
}
} // namespace akantu
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