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rAKA/src/model/solid_mechanics/solid_mechanics_model_cohesive/materials/constitutive_laws/material_cohesive_exponential.cc
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material_cohesive_exponential.cc
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/**
* @file material_cohesive_exponential.cc
*
* @author Mauro Corrado <mauro.corrado@epfl.ch>
* @author Seyedeh Mohadeseh Taheri Mousavi <mohadeseh.taherimousavi@epfl.ch>
* @author Marco Vocialta <marco.vocialta@epfl.ch>
*
* @date creation: Mon Jul 09 2012
* @date last modification: Thu Feb 20 2020
*
* @brief Exponential irreversible cohesive law of mixed mode loading
*
*
* @section LICENSE
*
* Copyright (©) 2010-2021 EPFL (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne)
* Laboratory (LSMS - Laboratoire de Simulation en Mécanique des Solides)
*
* Akantu is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
* terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
* Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
* later version.
*
* Akantu is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
* WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
* A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
* details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
* along with Akantu. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*
*/
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
#include "material_cohesive_exponential.hh"
#include "dof_synchronizer.hh"
#include "solid_mechanics_model.hh"
#include "sparse_matrix.hh"
namespace akantu {
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
template <UInt spatial_dimension>
MaterialCohesiveExponential<spatial_dimension>::MaterialCohesiveExponential(
SolidMechanicsModel & model, const ID & id)
: MaterialCohesive(model, id) {
AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();
this->registerParam("beta", beta, Real(0.), _pat_parsable, "Beta parameter");
this->registerParam("exponential_penalty", exp_penalty, true, _pat_parsable,
"Is contact penalty following the exponential law?");
this->registerParam(
"contact_tangent", contact_tangent, Real(1.0), _pat_parsable,
"Ratio of contact tangent over the initial exponential tangent");
// this->initInternalArray(delta_max, 1, _ek_cohesive);
use_previous_delta_max = true;
AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
template <UInt spatial_dimension>
void MaterialCohesiveExponential<spatial_dimension>::initMaterial() {
AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();
MaterialCohesive::initMaterial();
if ((exp_penalty) && (contact_tangent != 1)) {
contact_tangent = 1;
AKANTU_DEBUG_WARNING("The parsed paramter <contact_tangent> is forced to "
"1.0 when the contact penalty follows the exponential "
"law");
}
AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
template <UInt spatial_dimension>
void MaterialCohesiveExponential<spatial_dimension>::computeTraction(
const Array<Real> & normal, ElementType el_type, GhostType ghost_type) {
AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();
/// define iterators
auto traction_it = tractions(el_type, ghost_type).begin(spatial_dimension);
auto opening_it = opening(el_type, ghost_type).begin(spatial_dimension);
auto normal_it = normal.begin(spatial_dimension);
auto traction_end = tractions(el_type, ghost_type).end(spatial_dimension);
auto delta_max_it = delta_max(el_type, ghost_type).begin();
auto delta_max_prev_it = delta_max.previous(el_type, ghost_type).begin();
/// compute scalars
Real beta2 = beta * beta;
/// loop on each quadrature point
for (; traction_it != traction_end; ++traction_it, ++opening_it, ++normal_it,
++delta_max_it, ++delta_max_prev_it) {
/// compute normal and tangential opening vectors
Real normal_opening_norm = opening_it->dot(*normal_it);
Vector<Real> normal_opening(spatial_dimension);
normal_opening = (*normal_it);
normal_opening *= normal_opening_norm;
Vector<Real> tangential_opening(spatial_dimension);
tangential_opening = *opening_it;
tangential_opening -= normal_opening;
Real tangential_opening_norm = tangential_opening.norm();
/**
* compute effective opening displacement
* @f$ \delta = \sqrt{
* \beta^2 \Delta_t^2 + \Delta_n^2 } @f$
*/
Real delta = tangential_opening_norm;
delta *= delta * beta2;
delta += normal_opening_norm * normal_opening_norm;
delta = sqrt(delta);
if ((normal_opening_norm < 0) &&
(std::abs(normal_opening_norm) > Math::getTolerance())) {
Vector<Real> op_n(*normal_it);
op_n *= normal_opening_norm;
Vector<Real> delta_s(*opening_it);
delta_s -= op_n;
delta = tangential_opening_norm * beta;
computeCoupledTraction(*traction_it, *normal_it, delta, delta_s,
*delta_max_it, *delta_max_prev_it);
computeCompressiveTraction(*traction_it, *normal_it, normal_opening_norm,
*opening_it);
} else {
computeCoupledTraction(*traction_it, *normal_it, delta, *opening_it,
*delta_max_it, *delta_max_prev_it);
}
}
AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
template <UInt spatial_dimension>
void MaterialCohesiveExponential<spatial_dimension>::computeCoupledTraction(
Vector<Real> & tract, const Vector<Real> & normal, Real delta,
const Vector<Real> & opening, Real & delta_max_new, Real delta_max) {
AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();
/// full damage case
if (std::abs(delta) < Math::getTolerance()) {
/// set traction to zero
tract.zero();
} else { /// element not fully damaged
/**
* Compute traction loading @f$ \mathbf{T} =
* e \sigma_c \frac{\delta}{\delta_c} e^{-\delta/ \delta_c}@f$
*/
/**
* Compute traction unloading @f$ \mathbf{T} =
* \frac{t_{max}}{\delta_{max}} \delta @f$
*/
Real beta2 = beta * beta;
Real normal_open_norm = opening.dot(normal);
Vector<Real> op_n_n(spatial_dimension);
op_n_n = normal;
op_n_n *= (1 - beta2);
op_n_n *= normal_open_norm;
tract = beta2 * opening;
tract += op_n_n;
delta_max_new = std::max(delta_max, delta);
tract *=
std::exp(1.) * sigma_c * std::exp(-delta_max_new / delta_c) / delta_c;
}
AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
template <UInt spatial_dimension>
void MaterialCohesiveExponential<spatial_dimension>::computeCompressiveTraction(
Vector<Real> & tract, const Vector<Real> & normal, Real delta_n,
__attribute__((unused)) const Vector<Real> & opening) {
Vector<Real> temp_tract(normal);
if (exp_penalty) {
temp_tract *= delta_n * std::exp(1) * sigma_c *
std::exp(-delta_n / delta_c) / delta_c;
} else {
Real initial_tg =
contact_tangent * std::exp(1.) * sigma_c * delta_n / delta_c;
temp_tract *= initial_tg;
}
tract += temp_tract;
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
template <UInt spatial_dimension>
void MaterialCohesiveExponential<spatial_dimension>::computeTangentTraction(
ElementType el_type, Array<Real> & tangent_matrix,
const Array<Real> & normal, GhostType ghost_type) {
AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();
auto tangent_it = tangent_matrix.begin(spatial_dimension, spatial_dimension);
auto tangent_end = tangent_matrix.end(spatial_dimension, spatial_dimension);
auto normal_it = normal.begin(spatial_dimension);
auto opening_it = opening(el_type, ghost_type).begin(spatial_dimension);
auto delta_max_it = delta_max.previous(el_type, ghost_type).begin();
Real beta2 = beta * beta;
/**
* compute tangent matrix @f$ \frac{\partial \mathbf{t}}
* {\partial \delta} = \hat{\mathbf{t}} \otimes
* \frac{\partial (t/\delta)}{\partial \delta}
* \frac{\hat{\mathbf{t}}}{\delta}+ \frac{t}{\delta} [ \beta^2 \mathbf{I} +
* (1-\beta^2) (\mathbf{n} \otimes \mathbf{n})] @f$
**/
/**
* In which @f$
* \frac{\partial(t/ \delta)}{\partial \delta} =
* \left\{\begin{array} {l l}
* -e \frac{\sigma_c}{\delta_c^2 }e^{-\delta / \delta_c} & \quad if
* \delta \geq \delta_{max} \\
* 0 & \quad if \delta < \delta_{max}, \delta_n > 0
* \end{array}\right. @f$
**/
for (; tangent_it != tangent_end;
++tangent_it, ++normal_it, ++opening_it, ++delta_max_it) {
Real normal_opening_norm = opening_it->dot(*normal_it);
Vector<Real> normal_opening(spatial_dimension);
normal_opening = (*normal_it);
normal_opening *= normal_opening_norm;
Vector<Real> tangential_opening(spatial_dimension);
tangential_opening = *opening_it;
tangential_opening -= normal_opening;
Real tangential_opening_norm = tangential_opening.norm();
Real delta = tangential_opening_norm;
delta *= delta * beta2;
delta += normal_opening_norm * normal_opening_norm;
delta = sqrt(delta);
if ((normal_opening_norm < 0) &&
(std::abs(normal_opening_norm) > Math::getTolerance())) {
Vector<Real> op_n(*normal_it);
op_n *= normal_opening_norm;
Vector<Real> delta_s(*opening_it);
delta_s -= op_n;
delta = tangential_opening_norm * beta;
computeCoupledTangent(*tangent_it, *normal_it, delta, delta_s,
*delta_max_it);
computeCompressivePenalty(*tangent_it, *normal_it, normal_opening_norm);
} else {
computeCoupledTangent(*tangent_it, *normal_it, delta, *opening_it,
*delta_max_it);
}
}
AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
template <UInt spatial_dimension>
void MaterialCohesiveExponential<spatial_dimension>::computeCoupledTangent(
Matrix<Real> & tangent, const Vector<Real> & normal, Real delta,
const Vector<Real> & opening, Real /*unused*/) {
AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();
Real beta2 = beta * beta;
Matrix<Real> J(spatial_dimension, spatial_dimension);
J.eye(beta2);
if (std::abs(delta) < Math::getTolerance()) {
delta = Math::getTolerance();
}
Real opening_normal;
opening_normal = opening.dot(normal);
Vector<Real> delta_e(normal);
delta_e *= opening_normal;
delta_e *= (1. - beta2);
delta_e += (beta2 * opening);
Real exponent = std::exp(1. - delta / delta_c) * sigma_c / delta_c;
Matrix<Real> first_term(spatial_dimension, spatial_dimension);
first_term.outerProduct(normal, normal);
first_term *= (1. - beta2);
first_term += J;
Matrix<Real> second_term(spatial_dimension, spatial_dimension);
second_term.outerProduct(delta_e, delta_e);
second_term /= delta;
second_term /= delta_c;
Matrix<Real> diff(first_term);
diff -= second_term;
tangent = diff;
tangent *= exponent;
AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
}
/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
template <UInt spatial_dimension>
void MaterialCohesiveExponential<spatial_dimension>::computeCompressivePenalty(
Matrix<Real> & tangent, const Vector<Real> & normal, Real delta_n) {
if (!exp_penalty) {
delta_n = 0.;
}
Matrix<Real> n_outer_n(spatial_dimension, spatial_dimension);
n_outer_n.outerProduct(normal, normal);
Real normal_tg = contact_tangent * std::exp(1.) * sigma_c *
std::exp(-delta_n / delta_c) * (1. - delta_n / delta_c) /
delta_c;
n_outer_n *= normal_tg;
tangent += n_outer_n;
}
INSTANTIATE_MATERIAL(cohesive_exponential, MaterialCohesiveExponential);
} // namespace akantu
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