heat_transfer_model.cc
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heat_transfer_model.cc
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	/**
	* @file heat_transfer_model.cc
	*
	* @author Guillaume Anciaux <guillaume.anciaux@epfl.ch>
	* @author Lucas Frerot <lucas.frerot@epfl.ch>
	* @author David Simon Kammer <david.kammer@epfl.ch>
	* @author Srinivasa Babu Ramisetti <srinivasa.ramisetti@epfl.ch>
	* @author Nicolas Richart <nicolas.richart@epfl.ch>
	* @author Rui Wang <rui.wang@epfl.ch>
	*
	* @date creation: Sun May 01 2011
	* @date last modification: Mon Nov 30 2015
	*
	* @brief Implementation of HeatTransferModel class
	*
	* @section LICENSE
	*
	* Copyright (©) 2010-2012, 2014, 2015 EPFL (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de
	* Lausanne) Laboratory (LSMS - Laboratoire de Simulation en Mécanique des
	* Solides)
	*
	* Akantu is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
	* terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
	* Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
	* later version.
	*
	* Akantu is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
	* WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR
	* A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
	* details.
	*
	* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
	* along with Akantu. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
	*
	*/

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	#include "heat_transfer_model.hh"
	#include "dumpable_inline_impl.hh"
	#include "element_synchronizer.hh"
	#include "fe_engine_template.hh"
	#include "generalized_trapezoidal.hh"
	#include "group_manager_inline_impl.cc"
	#include "integrator_gauss.hh"
	#include "mesh.hh"
	#include "parser.hh"
	#include "shape_lagrange.hh"

	#ifdef AKANTU_USE_IOHELPER
	#include "dumper_element_partition.hh"
	#include "dumper_elemental_field.hh"
	#include "dumper_internal_material_field.hh"
	#include "dumper_iohelper_paraview.hh"
	#endif

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	namespace akantu {

	namespace heat_transfer {
	namespace details {
	class ComputeRhoFunctor {
	public:
	ComputeRhoFunctor(const HeatTransferModel & model) : model(model){};

	void operator()(Matrix<Real> & rho, const Element &) const {
	rho.set(model.getCapacity());
	}

	private:
	const HeatTransferModel & model;
	};
	}
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	HeatTransferModel::HeatTransferModel(Mesh & mesh, UInt dim, const ID & id,
	const MemoryID & memory_id)
	: Model(mesh, ModelType::_heat_transfer_model, dim, id, memory_id),
	temperature_gradient("temperature_gradient", id),
	temperature_on_qpoints("temperature_on_qpoints", id),
	conductivity_on_qpoints("conductivity_on_qpoints", id),
	k_gradt_on_qpoints("k_gradt_on_qpoints", id) {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();

	conductivity = Matrix<Real>(this->spatial_dimension, this->spatial_dimension);

	this->initDOFManager();

	this->registerDataAccessor(*this);

	if (this->mesh.isDistributed()) {
	auto & synchronizer = this->mesh.getElementSynchronizer();
	this->registerSynchronizer(synchronizer, _gst_htm_capacity);
	this->registerSynchronizer(synchronizer, _gst_htm_temperature);
	this->registerSynchronizer(synchronizer, _gst_htm_gradient_temperature);
	}

	registerFEEngineObject<FEEngineType>(id + ":fem", mesh, spatial_dimension);

	#ifdef AKANTU_USE_IOHELPER
	this->mesh.registerDumper<DumperParaview>("heat_transfer", id, true);
	this->mesh.addDumpMesh(mesh, spatial_dimension, _not_ghost, _ek_regular);
	#endif

	this->registerParam("conductivity", conductivity, _pat_parsmod);
	this->registerParam("conductivity_variation", conductivity_variation, 0.,
	_pat_parsmod);
	this->registerParam("temperature_reference", T_ref, 0., _pat_parsmod);
	this->registerParam("capacity", capacity, _pat_parsmod);
	this->registerParam("density", density, _pat_parsmod);

	AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	void HeatTransferModel::initModel() {
	auto & fem = this->getFEEngine();
	fem.initShapeFunctions(_not_ghost);
	fem.initShapeFunctions(_ghost);

	temperature_on_qpoints.initialize(fem, _nb_component = 1);
	temperature_gradient.initialize(fem, _nb_component = spatial_dimension);
	conductivity_on_qpoints.initialize(
	fem, _nb_component = spatial_dimension * spatial_dimension);
	k_gradt_on_qpoints.initialize(fem, _nb_component = spatial_dimension);
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	FEEngine & HeatTransferModel::getFEEngineBoundary(const ID & name) {
	return dynamic_cast<FEEngine &>(getFEEngineClassBoundary<FEEngineType>(name));
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	template <typename T>
	void HeatTransferModel::allocNodalField(Array<T> *& array, const ID & name) {
	if (array == nullptr) {
	UInt nb_nodes = mesh.getNbNodes();
	std::stringstream sstr_disp;
	sstr_disp << id << ":" << name;

	array = &(alloc<T>(sstr_disp.str(), nb_nodes, 1, T()));
	}
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	HeatTransferModel::~HeatTransferModel() = default;

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	void HeatTransferModel::assembleCapacityLumped(const GhostType & ghost_type) {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();

	auto & fem = getFEEngineClass<FEEngineType>();
	heat_transfer::details::ComputeRhoFunctor compute_rho(*this);

	for (auto & type : mesh.elementTypes(spatial_dimension, ghost_type)) {
	fem.assembleFieldLumped(compute_rho, "M", "temperature",
	this->getDOFManager(), type, ghost_type);
	}

	AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	MatrixType HeatTransferModel::getMatrixType(const ID & matrix_id) {
	if (matrix_id == "K" or matrix_id == "M") {
	return _symmetric;
	}

	return _mt_not_defined;
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	void HeatTransferModel::assembleMatrix(const ID & matrix_id) {
	if (matrix_id == "K") {
	this->assembleConductivityMatrix();
	} else if (matrix_id == "M") {
	this->assembleCapacity();
	} else {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_TO_IMPLEMENT();
	}
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	void HeatTransferModel::assembleLumpedMatrix(const ID & matrix_id) {
	if (matrix_id == "M") {
	this->assembleCapacityLumped();
	} else {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_TO_IMPLEMENT();
	}
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	void HeatTransferModel::assembleResidual() {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();

	this->assembleInternalHeatRate();

	this->getDOFManager().assembleToResidual("temperature",
	*this->external_heat_rate, 1);
	this->getDOFManager().assembleToResidual("temperature",
	*this->internal_heat_rate, 1);

	AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	void HeatTransferModel::predictor() { ++temperature_release; }

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	void HeatTransferModel::assembleCapacityLumped() {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();

	if (!this->getDOFManager().hasLumpedMatrix("M")) {
	this->getDOFManager().getNewLumpedMatrix("M");
	}

	this->getDOFManager().clearLumpedMatrix("M");

	assembleCapacityLumped(_not_ghost);
	assembleCapacityLumped(_ghost);

	AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	void HeatTransferModel::initSolver(TimeStepSolverType time_step_solver_type,
	NonLinearSolverType) {
	DOFManager & dof_manager = this->getDOFManager();

	this->allocNodalField(this->temperature, "temperature");
	this->allocNodalField(this->external_heat_rate, "external_heat_rate");
	this->allocNodalField(this->internal_heat_rate, "internal_heat_rate");
	this->allocNodalField(this->blocked_dofs, "blocked_dofs");

	if (!dof_manager.hasDOFs("temperature")) {
	dof_manager.registerDOFs("temperature", *this->temperature, _dst_nodal);
	dof_manager.registerBlockedDOFs("temperature", *this->blocked_dofs);
	}

	if (time_step_solver_type == _tsst_dynamic \|\|
	time_step_solver_type == _tsst_dynamic_lumped) {
	this->allocNodalField(this->temperature_rate, "temperature_rate");

	if (!dof_manager.hasDOFsDerivatives("temperature", 1)) {
	dof_manager.registerDOFsDerivative("temperature", 1,
	*this->temperature_rate);
	}
	}
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	std::tuple<ID, TimeStepSolverType>
	HeatTransferModel::getDefaultSolverID(const AnalysisMethod & method) {
	switch (method) {
	case _explicit_lumped_mass: {
	return std::make_tuple("explicit_lumped", _tsst_dynamic_lumped);
	}
	case _static: {
	return std::make_tuple("static", _tsst_static);
	}
	case _implicit_dynamic: {
	return std::make_tuple("implicit", _tsst_dynamic);
	}
	default:
	return std::make_tuple("unknown", _tsst_not_defined);
	}
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	ModelSolverOptions HeatTransferModel::getDefaultSolverOptions(
	const TimeStepSolverType & type) const {
	ModelSolverOptions options;

	switch (type) {
	case _tsst_dynamic_lumped: {
	options.non_linear_solver_type = _nls_lumped;
	options.integration_scheme_type["temperature"] = _ist_forward_euler;
	options.solution_type["temperature"] = IntegrationScheme::_temperature_rate;
	break;
	}
	case _tsst_static: {
	options.non_linear_solver_type = _nls_newton_raphson;
	options.integration_scheme_type["temperature"] = _ist_pseudo_time;
	options.solution_type["temperature"] = IntegrationScheme::_not_defined;
	break;
	}
	case _tsst_dynamic: {
	if (this->method == _explicit_consistent_mass) {
	options.non_linear_solver_type = _nls_newton_raphson;
	options.integration_scheme_type["temperature"] = _ist_forward_euler;
	options.solution_type["temperature"] =
	IntegrationScheme::_temperature_rate;
	} else {
	options.non_linear_solver_type = _nls_newton_raphson;
	options.integration_scheme_type["temperature"] = _ist_trapezoidal_rule_1;
	options.solution_type["temperature"] = IntegrationScheme::_temperature;
	}
	break;
	}
	default:
	AKANTU_EXCEPTION(type << " is not a valid time step solver type");
	}

	return options;
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	void HeatTransferModel::assembleConductivityMatrix() {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();

	this->computeConductivityOnQuadPoints(_not_ghost);
	if (conductivity_release[_not_ghost] == conductivity_matrix_release)
	return;

	if (!this->getDOFManager().hasMatrix("K")) {
	this->getDOFManager().getNewMatrix("K", getMatrixType("K"));
	}
	this->getDOFManager().clearMatrix("K");

	switch (mesh.getSpatialDimension()) {
	case 1:
	this->assembleConductivityMatrix<1>(_not_ghost);
	break;
	case 2:
	this->assembleConductivityMatrix<2>(_not_ghost);
	break;
	case 3:
	this->assembleConductivityMatrix<3>(_not_ghost);
	break;
	}

	AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	template <UInt dim>
	void HeatTransferModel::assembleConductivityMatrix(
	const GhostType & ghost_type) {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();

	auto & fem = this->getFEEngine();

	for (auto && type : mesh.elementTypes(spatial_dimension, ghost_type)) {
	auto nb_element = mesh.getNbElement(type, ghost_type);
	auto nb_nodes_per_element = Mesh::getNbNodesPerElement(type);
	auto nb_quadrature_points = fem.getNbIntegrationPoints(type, ghost_type);

	auto bt_d_b = std::make_unique<Array<Real>>(
	nb_element * nb_quadrature_points,
	nb_nodes_per_element * nb_nodes_per_element, "B^tDB");

	fem.computeBtDB(conductivity_on_qpoints(type, ghost_type), *bt_d_b, 2, type,
	ghost_type);

	/// compute @f$ k_e = \int_e \mathbf{B}^t * \mathbf{D} * \mathbf{B}@f$
	auto K_e = std::make_unique<Array<Real>>(
	nb_element, nb_nodes_per_element * nb_nodes_per_element, "K_e");

	fem.integrate(bt_d_b, K_e, nb_nodes_per_element * nb_nodes_per_element,
	type, ghost_type);

	this->getDOFManager().assembleElementalMatricesToMatrix(
	"K", "temperature", *K_e, type, ghost_type, _symmetric);
	}

	conductivity_matrix_release = conductivity_release[ghost_type];

	AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	void HeatTransferModel::computeConductivityOnQuadPoints(
	const GhostType & ghost_type) {
	// if already computed once check if need to compute
	if (not initial_conductivity[ghost_type]) {
	// if temperature did not change, condictivity will not vary
	if (temperature_release == conductivity_release[ghost_type])
	return;

	// if conductivity_variation is 0 no need to recompute
	if (conductivity_variation == 0.)
	return;
	}

	for (auto & type : mesh.elementTypes(spatial_dimension, ghost_type)) {
	auto & temperature_interpolated = temperature_on_qpoints(type, ghost_type);

	// compute the temperature on quadrature points
	this->getFEEngine().interpolateOnIntegrationPoints(
	*temperature, temperature_interpolated, 1, type, ghost_type);

	auto & cond = conductivity_on_qpoints(type, ghost_type);
	for (auto && tuple :
	zip(make_view(cond, spatial_dimension, spatial_dimension),
	temperature_interpolated)) {
	auto & C = std::get<0>(tuple);
	auto & T = std::get<1>(tuple);
	C = conductivity;

	Matrix<Real> variation(spatial_dimension, spatial_dimension,
	conductivity_variation * (T - T_ref));
	// @TODO: Guillaume are you sure ? why due you compute variation then ?
	C += conductivity_variation;
	}
	}

	conductivity_release[ghost_type] = temperature_release;
	initial_conductivity[ghost_type] = false;

	AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	void HeatTransferModel::computeKgradT(const GhostType & ghost_type) {
	computeConductivityOnQuadPoints(ghost_type);

	for (auto & type : mesh.elementTypes(spatial_dimension, ghost_type)) {
	auto & gradient = temperature_gradient(type, ghost_type);
	this->getFEEngine().gradientOnIntegrationPoints(*temperature, gradient, 1,
	type, ghost_type);

	for (auto && values :
	zip(make_view(conductivity_on_qpoints(type, ghost_type),
	spatial_dimension, spatial_dimension),
	make_view(gradient, spatial_dimension),
	make_view(k_gradt_on_qpoints(type, ghost_type),
	spatial_dimension))) {
	const auto & C = std::get<0>(values);
	const auto & BT = std::get<1>(values);
	auto & k_BT = std::get<2>(values);

	k_BT.mul<false>(C, BT);
	}
	}

	AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	void HeatTransferModel::assembleInternalHeatRate() {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();

	this->internal_heat_rate->clear();

	this->synchronize(_gst_htm_temperature);
	auto & fem = this->getFEEngine();

	for (auto ghost_type : ghost_types) {
	// compute k \grad T
	computeKgradT(ghost_type);

	for (auto type : mesh.elementTypes(spatial_dimension, ghost_type)) {
	UInt nb_nodes_per_element = Mesh::getNbNodesPerElement(type);

	auto & k_gradt_on_qpoints_vect = k_gradt_on_qpoints(type, ghost_type);

	UInt nb_quad_points = k_gradt_on_qpoints_vect.size();
	Array<Real> bt_k_gT(nb_quad_points, nb_nodes_per_element);
	fem.computeBtD(k_gradt_on_qpoints_vect, bt_k_gT, type, ghost_type);

	UInt nb_elements = mesh.getNbElement(type, ghost_type);
	Array<Real> int_bt_k_gT(nb_elements, nb_nodes_per_element);

	fem.integrate(bt_k_gT, int_bt_k_gT, nb_nodes_per_element, type,
	ghost_type);

	this->getDOFManager().assembleElementalArrayLocalArray(
	int_bt_k_gT, *this->internal_heat_rate, type, ghost_type, -1);
	}
	}
	AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	Real HeatTransferModel::getStableTimeStep() {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();

	Real el_size;
	Real min_el_size = std::numeric_limits<Real>::max();
	Real conductivitymax = conductivity(0, 0);

	// get the biggest parameter from k11 until k33//
	for (UInt i = 0; i < spatial_dimension; i++)
	for (UInt j = 0; j < spatial_dimension; j++)
	conductivitymax = std::max(conductivity(i, j), conductivitymax);

	for (auto & type : mesh.elementTypes(spatial_dimension, _not_ghost)) {

	UInt nb_nodes_per_element = mesh.getNbNodesPerElement(type);

	Array<Real> coord(0, nb_nodes_per_element * spatial_dimension);
	FEEngine::extractNodalToElementField(mesh, mesh.getNodes(), coord, type,
	_not_ghost);

	auto el_coord = coord.begin(spatial_dimension, nb_nodes_per_element);
	UInt nb_element = mesh.getNbElement(type);

	for (UInt el = 0; el < nb_element; ++el, ++el_coord) {
	el_size = getFEEngine().getElementInradius(*el_coord, type);
	min_el_size = std::min(min_el_size, el_size);
	}

	AKANTU_DEBUG_INFO("The minimum element size : "
	<< min_el_size
	<< " and the max conductivity is : " << conductivitymax);
	}

	Real min_dt =
	2 * min_el_size * min_el_size * density * capacity / conductivitymax;

	mesh.getCommunicator().allReduce(min_dt, SynchronizerOperation::_min);

	AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();

	return min_dt;
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	void HeatTransferModel::readMaterials() {
	auto sect = this->getParserSection();

	if (not std::get<1>(sect)) {
	const auto & section = std::get<0>(sect);
	this->parseSection(section);
	}

	conductivity_on_qpoints.set(conductivity);
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	void HeatTransferModel::initFullImpl(const ModelOptions & options) {
	Model::initFullImpl(options);

	readMaterials();
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	void HeatTransferModel::assembleCapacity() {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();
	auto ghost_type = _not_ghost;

	auto & fem = getFEEngineClass<FEEngineType>();

	heat_transfer::details::ComputeRhoFunctor rho_functor(*this);

	for (auto && type : mesh.elementTypes(spatial_dimension, ghost_type)) {
	fem.assembleFieldMatrix(rho_functor, "M", "temperature",
	this->getDOFManager(), type, ghost_type);
	}

	AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	void HeatTransferModel::computeRho(Array<Real> & rho, ElementType type,
	GhostType ghost_type) {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();

	FEEngine & fem = this->getFEEngine();
	UInt nb_element = mesh.getNbElement(type, ghost_type);
	UInt nb_quadrature_points = fem.getNbIntegrationPoints(type, ghost_type);

	rho.resize(nb_element * nb_quadrature_points);
	rho.set(this->capacity);

	// Real * rho_1_val = rho.storage();
	// /// compute @f$ rho @f$ for each nodes of each element
	// for (UInt el = 0; el < nb_element; ++el) {
	// for (UInt n = 0; n < nb_quadrature_points; ++n) {
	// *rho_1_val++ = this->capacity;
	// }
	// }

	AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	Real HeatTransferModel::computeThermalEnergyByNode() {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();

	Real ethermal = 0.;

	for (auto && pair : enumerate(make_view(
	*internal_heat_rate, internal_heat_rate->getNbComponent()))) {
	auto n = std::get<0>(pair);
	auto & heat_rate = std::get<1>(pair);

	Real heat = 0.;
	bool is_local_node = mesh.isLocalOrMasterNode(n);
	bool is_not_pbc_slave_node = !isPBCSlaveNode(n);
	bool count_node = is_local_node && is_not_pbc_slave_node;

	for (UInt i = 0; i < heat_rate.size(); ++i) {
	if (count_node)
	heat += heat_rate[i] * time_step;
	}
	ethermal += heat;
	}

	mesh.getCommunicator().allReduce(ethermal, SynchronizerOperation::_sum);

	AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
	return ethermal;
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	template <class iterator>
	void HeatTransferModel::getThermalEnergy(
	iterator Eth, Array<Real>::const_iterator<Real> T_it,
	Array<Real>::const_iterator<Real> T_end) const {
	for (; T_it != T_end; ++T_it, ++Eth) {
	Eth = capacity density * *T_it;
	}
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	Real HeatTransferModel::getThermalEnergy(const ElementType & type, UInt index) {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();

	UInt nb_quadrature_points = getFEEngine().getNbIntegrationPoints(type);
	Vector<Real> Eth_on_quarature_points(nb_quadrature_points);

	auto T_it = this->temperature_on_qpoints(type).begin();
	T_it += index * nb_quadrature_points;

	auto T_end = T_it + nb_quadrature_points;

	getThermalEnergy(Eth_on_quarature_points.storage(), T_it, T_end);

	return getFEEngine().integrate(Eth_on_quarature_points, type, index);
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	Real HeatTransferModel::getThermalEnergy() {
	Real Eth = 0;

	auto & fem = getFEEngine();

	for (auto && type : mesh.elementTypes(spatial_dimension)) {
	auto nb_element = mesh.getNbElement(type, _not_ghost);
	auto nb_quadrature_points = fem.getNbIntegrationPoints(type, _not_ghost);
	Array<Real> Eth_per_quad(nb_element * nb_quadrature_points, 1);

	auto & temperature_interpolated = temperature_on_qpoints(type);

	// compute the temperature on quadrature points
	this->getFEEngine().interpolateOnIntegrationPoints(
	*temperature, temperature_interpolated, 1, type);

	auto T_it = temperature_interpolated.begin();
	auto T_end = temperature_interpolated.end();
	getThermalEnergy(Eth_per_quad.begin(), T_it, T_end);

	Eth += fem.integrate(Eth_per_quad, type);
	}

	return Eth;
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	Real HeatTransferModel::getEnergy(const std::string & id) {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();
	Real energy = 0;

	if (id == "thermal")
	energy = getThermalEnergy();

	// reduction sum over all processors
	mesh.getCommunicator().allReduce(energy, SynchronizerOperation::_sum);

	AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
	return energy;
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	Real HeatTransferModel::getEnergy(const std::string & id,
	const ElementType & type, UInt index) {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();

	Real energy = 0.;

	if (id == "thermal")
	energy = getThermalEnergy(type, index);

	AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
	return energy;
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	#ifdef AKANTU_USE_IOHELPER

	dumper::Field * HeatTransferModel::createNodalFieldBool(
	const std::string & field_name, const std::string & group_name,
	__attribute__((unused)) bool padding_flag) {

	std::map<std::string, Array<bool> *> uint_nodal_fields;
	uint_nodal_fields["blocked_dofs"] = blocked_dofs;

	dumper::Field * field = nullptr;
	field = mesh.createNodalField(uint_nodal_fields[field_name], group_name);
	return field;
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	dumper::Field * HeatTransferModel::createNodalFieldReal(
	const std::string & field_name, const std::string & group_name,
	__attribute__((unused)) bool padding_flag) {

	std::map<std::string, Array<Real> *> real_nodal_fields;
	real_nodal_fields["temperature"] = temperature;
	real_nodal_fields["temperature_rate"] = temperature_rate;
	real_nodal_fields["external_heat_rate"] = external_heat_rate;
	real_nodal_fields["internal_heat_rate"] = internal_heat_rate;
	real_nodal_fields["capacity_lumped"] = capacity_lumped;
	real_nodal_fields["increment"] = increment;

	dumper::Field * field =
	mesh.createNodalField(real_nodal_fields[field_name], group_name);

	return field;
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	dumper::Field * HeatTransferModel::createElementalField(
	const std::string & field_name, const std::string & group_name,
	__attribute__((unused)) bool padding_flag,
	__attribute__((unused)) const UInt & spatial_dimension,
	const ElementKind & element_kind) {

	dumper::Field * field = nullptr;

	if (field_name == "partitions")
	field = mesh.createElementalField<UInt, dumper::ElementPartitionField>(
	mesh.getConnectivities(), group_name, this->spatial_dimension,
	element_kind);
	else if (field_name == "temperature_gradient") {
	ElementTypeMap<UInt> nb_data_per_elem =
	this->mesh.getNbDataPerElem(temperature_gradient, element_kind);

	field = mesh.createElementalField<Real, dumper::InternalMaterialField>(
	temperature_gradient, group_name, this->spatial_dimension, element_kind,
	nb_data_per_elem);
	} else if (field_name == "conductivity") {
	ElementTypeMap<UInt> nb_data_per_elem =
	this->mesh.getNbDataPerElem(conductivity_on_qpoints, element_kind);

	field = mesh.createElementalField<Real, dumper::InternalMaterialField>(
	conductivity_on_qpoints, group_name, this->spatial_dimension,
	element_kind, nb_data_per_elem);
	}

	return field;
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	#else
	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	dumper::Field * HeatTransferModel::createElementalField(
	__attribute__((unused)) const std::string & field_name,
	__attribute__((unused)) const std::string & group_name,
	__attribute__((unused)) bool padding_flag,
	__attribute__((unused)) const ElementKind & element_kind) {
	return nullptr;
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	dumper::Field * HeatTransferModel::createNodalFieldBool(
	__attribute__((unused)) const std::string & field_name,
	__attribute__((unused)) const std::string & group_name,
	__attribute__((unused)) bool padding_flag) {
	return nullptr;
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	dumper::Field * HeatTransferModel::createNodalFieldReal(
	__attribute__((unused)) const std::string & field_name,
	__attribute__((unused)) const std::string & group_name,
	__attribute__((unused)) bool padding_flag) {
	return nullptr;
	}
	#endif


	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	void HeatTransferModel::dump(const std::string & dumper_name) {
	mesh.dump(dumper_name);
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	void HeatTransferModel::dump(const std::string & dumper_name, UInt step) {
	mesh.dump(dumper_name, step);
	}

	/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	void HeatTransferModel::dump(const std::string & dumper_name, Real time,
	UInt step) {
	mesh.dump(dumper_name, time, step);
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	void HeatTransferModel::dump() { mesh.dump(); }

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	void HeatTransferModel::dump(UInt step) { mesh.dump(step); }

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	void HeatTransferModel::dump(Real time, UInt step) { mesh.dump(time, step); }

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	inline UInt HeatTransferModel::getNbData(const Array<UInt> & indexes,
	const SynchronizationTag & tag) const {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();

	UInt size = 0;
	UInt nb_nodes = indexes.size();

	switch (tag) {
	case _gst_htm_capacity:
	case _gst_htm_temperature: {
	size += nb_nodes * sizeof(Real);
	break;
	}
	default: {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_ERROR("Unknown ghost synchronization tag : " << tag);
	}
	}

	AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
	return size;
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	inline void HeatTransferModel::packData(CommunicationBuffer & buffer,
	const Array<UInt> & indexes,
	const SynchronizationTag & tag) const {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();

	for (auto index : indexes) {
	switch (tag) {
	case _gst_htm_capacity:
	buffer << (*capacity_lumped)(index);
	break;
	case _gst_htm_temperature: {
	buffer << (*temperature)(index);
	break;
	}
	default: {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_ERROR("Unknown ghost synchronization tag : " << tag);
	}
	}
	}
	AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	inline void HeatTransferModel::unpackData(CommunicationBuffer & buffer,
	const Array<UInt> & indexes,
	const SynchronizationTag & tag) {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();

	for (auto index : indexes) {
	switch (tag) {
	case _gst_htm_capacity: {
	buffer >> (*capacity_lumped)(index);
	break;
	}
	case _gst_htm_temperature: {
	buffer >> (*temperature)(index);
	break;
	}
	default: {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_ERROR("Unknown ghost synchronization tag : " << tag);
	}
	}
	}

	AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	inline UInt HeatTransferModel::getNbData(const Array<Element> & elements,
	const SynchronizationTag & tag) const {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_IN();

	UInt size = 0;
	UInt nb_nodes_per_element = 0;
	Array<Element>::const_iterator<Element> it = elements.begin();
	Array<Element>::const_iterator<Element> end = elements.end();
	for (; it != end; ++it) {
	const Element & el = *it;
	nb_nodes_per_element += Mesh::getNbNodesPerElement(el.type);
	}

	switch (tag) {
	case _gst_htm_capacity: {
	size += nb_nodes_per_element * sizeof(Real); // capacity vector
	break;
	}
	case _gst_htm_temperature: {
	size += nb_nodes_per_element * sizeof(Real); // temperature
	break;
	}
	case _gst_htm_gradient_temperature: {
	// temperature gradient
	size += getNbIntegrationPoints(elements) * spatial_dimension * sizeof(Real);
	size += nb_nodes_per_element * sizeof(Real); // nodal temperatures
	break;
	}
	default: {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_ERROR("Unknown ghost synchronization tag : " << tag);
	}
	}

	AKANTU_DEBUG_OUT();
	return size;
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	inline void HeatTransferModel::packData(CommunicationBuffer & buffer,
	const Array<Element> & elements,
	const SynchronizationTag & tag) const {
	switch (tag) {
	case _gst_htm_capacity: {
	packNodalDataHelper(*capacity_lumped, buffer, elements, mesh);
	break;
	}
	case _gst_htm_temperature: {
	packNodalDataHelper(*temperature, buffer, elements, mesh);
	break;
	}
	case _gst_htm_gradient_temperature: {
	packElementalDataHelper(temperature_gradient, buffer, elements, true,
	getFEEngine());
	packNodalDataHelper(*temperature, buffer, elements, mesh);
	break;
	}
	default: {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_ERROR("Unknown ghost synchronization tag : " << tag);
	}
	}
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	inline void HeatTransferModel::unpackData(CommunicationBuffer & buffer,
	const Array<Element> & elements,
	const SynchronizationTag & tag) {
	switch (tag) {
	case _gst_htm_capacity: {
	unpackNodalDataHelper(*capacity_lumped, buffer, elements, mesh);
	break;
	}
	case _gst_htm_temperature: {
	unpackNodalDataHelper(*temperature, buffer, elements, mesh);
	break;
	}
	case _gst_htm_gradient_temperature: {
	unpackElementalDataHelper(temperature_gradient, buffer, elements, true,
	getFEEngine());
	unpackNodalDataHelper(*temperature, buffer, elements, mesh);

	break;
	}
	default: {
	AKANTU_DEBUG_ERROR("Unknown ghost synchronization tag : " << tag);
	}
	}
	}

	/* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
	} // akantu

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