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 ---
 title: 'Akantu: an HPC finite-element library for contact and fracture simulations'
 tags:
   - C++
   - python
   - contact
   - fracture
   - cohesive element
 
 authors:
   - name: Nicolas Richart
     orcid: 0000-0002-1463-4405
     affiliation: 1
   - name: Guillaume Anciaux
     orcid: 0000-0002-9624-5621
     affiliation: 1
   - name: Emil Gallyamov
     affiliation: 1
   - name: Lucas Frérot
     orcid: 0000-0002-4138-1052
     affiliation: "1, 2"
   - name: David Kammer
     orcid: 0000-0003-3782-9368
     affiliation: "1, 3"
   - name: Mohit Pundir
     affiliation: "1, 3"
   - name: Marco Vocialta
     affiliation: 1
   - name: Aurelia Cuba Ramos
     affiliation: 1
   - name: Mauro Corrado
     affiliation: "1, 4"
   - name: Fabian Barras
     orcid: 0000-0003-1109-0200
     affiliation: "1, 5"
   - name: Jean-François Molinari
     orcid: 0000-0002-1728-1844
     affiliation: 1
 
 affiliations:
   - name: Civil Engineering Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
     index: 1
   - name: Department of Microsystems Engineering, Univeristy of Freiburg, Germany
     index: 2
   - name: Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
     index: 3
   - name: Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Italy
     index: 4
   - name: The Njord Centre Department of Physics, Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
     index: 5
 
 date: 21 Septembre 2021
 bibliography: paper.bib
 ---
 
 # Summary
 Complex, nonlinear and transient phenomena are at the heart of modern research
 in mechanics of materials. For example, the buildup and release of elastic
 energy at geological fault is what causes earthquakes, and the intricate details
 of the slip zone, the propagation of slip fronts and waves radiated through the
 various geological media are still active areas of research
 [@kammer_propagation_2012;@kammer_existence_2014]. Similarly, understanding
 fracture in heterogeneous materials such as concrete, masonry or ceramics
 necessitates the modeling of interaction of crack fronts with complex materials
 [@taheri_mousavi_dynamic_2015;@yilmaz_damage_2017;@cuba_ramos_hpc_2018], the
 representation of residual shear stresses in the contact of newly-formed crack
 surfaces [@zhang_micro-mechanical_2017;@pundir_coupling_2021], and the accurate
 characterization of transient dynamics
 [@vocialta_numerical_2018;@corrado_effects_2016] and material structure
 evolution [@cuba_ramos_hpc_2018;@gallyamov_multi-scale_2020].
 
 The finite-element method is now ubiquitous in virtually all areas of solid
 mechanics. With meticulous care on code architecture and performance, we show
 with our finite-element library Akantu that it can handle the requirements
 mentioned above for state-of-the-art research in mechanics of materials. Akantu
 is designed from the ground up for high-performance, highly distributed
 computations, while retaining the necessary flexibility to handle:
 
 - crack propagation with cohesive elements
 - non-local damage models
 - plastic and viscoplastic constitutive laws
 - large deformations
 - contact constraints (including friction)
 - structural elements (beams and shells)
 - one-dimensional elements embeded in a three-dimensional mesh (e.g.
   reinforcements in concrete)
 - interaction between contact and cohesive elements (residual crack shear
   strength)
 
 # Statement of need
+Understanding the interplay between material constitutive behavior and interface
+processes such as crack propagation, contact and friction is fundamental to the
+study of, among others, earthquakes, concrete structures, ceramics, and
+polycrystalline failure. Thanks to its versatility, the finite-element method
+(FEM) has become a staple in these areas. However, codes that can handle cutting
+edge simulations with interaction of material behavior and interface processes
+in a high-performance computing (HPC) setting are rare, particularily in the
+open-source space. Driving these state-of-the-art research simulations to the
+exascale era is the primary *raison d'être* of Akantu.
+
+At its heart, Akantu leverages a hybrid object-oriented vectorial architecture.
+This makes high-level development possible while retaining performance in the
+critical areas of the code. *Elaborate more, parallelization strategy, solving
+capabilities etc.*
+
+# Scaling analysis
+Would be nice to have scaling plots of simple and complex simulations (with
+cohesive elements, contact, etc.)
 
 # Publications
-The following publications have been made possible with ``Akantu``:
+The following publications have been made possible with Akantu:
 
 - @kammer_propagation_2012
 - @kammer_existence_2014
 - @wolff_non-local_2014
 - @richart_implementation_2015
 - @taheri_mousavi_dynamic_2015
 - @cuba_ramos_new_2015
 - @radiguet_role_2015
 - @vocialta_influence_2015
 - @corrado_effects_2016
 - @kammer_length_2016
 - @svetlizky_properties_2016
 - @vocialta_3d_2016
 - @yilmaz_mesoscale_2017
 - @yilmaz_damage_2017
 - @zhang_micro-mechanical_2017
 - @cuba_ramos_hpc_2018
 - @vocialta_numerical_2018
 - @yilmaz_influence_2018
 - @zhang_numerical_2018
 - @zhang_numerical_2019
 - @frerot_fourier_2019
 - @gallyamov_multi-scale_2020
 - @milanese_mechanistic_2020
 - @albertini_three-dimensional_2021
 - @brun_hybrid_2021
 - @rezakhani_meso-scale_2021
 - @pundir_coupling_2021
 
 # Acknowledgement