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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_intro.html">1. Introduction</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_accelerate.html">5. Accelerating LAMMPS performance</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_example.html">7. Example problems</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_perf.html">8. Performance &amp; scalability</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_tools.html">9. Additional tools</a></li>
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<p><a class="reference internal" href="Section_accelerate.html"><span class="doc">Return to Section accelerate overview</span></a></p>
<div class="section" id="gpu-package">
<h1>5.GPU package</h1>
<p>The GPU package was developed by Mike Brown at ORNL and his
collaborators, particularly Trung Nguyen (ORNL). It provides GPU
versions of many pair styles, including the 3-body Stillinger-Weber
pair style, and for <a class="reference internal" href="kspace_style.html"><span class="doc">kspace_style pppm</span></a> for
long-range Coulombics. It has the following general features:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>It is designed to exploit common GPU hardware configurations where one
or more GPUs are coupled to many cores of one or more multi-core CPUs,
e.g. within a node of a parallel machine.</li>
<li>Atom-based data (e.g. coordinates, forces) moves back-and-forth
between the CPU(s) and GPU every timestep.</li>
<li>Neighbor lists can be built on the CPU or on the GPU</li>
<li>The charge assignement and force interpolation portions of PPPM can be
run on the GPU. The FFT portion, which requires MPI communication
between processors, runs on the CPU.</li>
<li>Asynchronous force computations can be performed simultaneously on the
CPU(s) and GPU.</li>
<li>It allows for GPU computations to be performed in single or double
precision, or in mixed-mode precision, where pairwise forces are
computed in single precision, but accumulated into double-precision
force vectors.</li>
<li>LAMMPS-specific code is in the GPU package. It makes calls to a
generic GPU library in the lib/gpu directory. This library provides
NVIDIA support as well as more general OpenCL support, so that the
same functionality can eventually be supported on a variety of GPU
hardware.</li>
</ul>
<p>Here is a quick overview of how to enable and use the GPU package:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>build the library in lib/gpu for your GPU hardware with the desired precision settings</li>
<li>install the GPU package and build LAMMPS as usual</li>
<li>use the mpirun command to set the number of MPI tasks/node which determines the number of MPI tasks/GPU</li>
<li>specify the # of GPUs per node</li>
<li>use GPU styles in your input script</li>
</ul>
<p>The latter two steps can be done using the &#8220;-pk gpu&#8221; and &#8220;-sf gpu&#8221;
<a class="reference internal" href="Section_start.html#start-7"><span class="std std-ref">command-line switches</span></a> respectively. Or
the effect of the &#8220;-pk&#8221; or &#8220;-sf&#8221; switches can be duplicated by adding
the <a class="reference internal" href="package.html"><span class="doc">package gpu</span></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="suffix.html"><span class="doc">suffix gpu</span></a> commands
respectively to your input script.</p>
<p><strong>Required hardware/software:</strong></p>
<p>To use this package, you currently need to have an NVIDIA GPU and
install the NVIDIA Cuda software on your system:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Check if you have an NVIDIA GPU: cat /proc/driver/nvidia/gpus/0/information</li>
<li>Go to <a class="reference external" href="http://www.nvidia.com/object/cuda_get.html">http://www.nvidia.com/object/cuda_get.html</a></li>
<li>Install a driver and toolkit appropriate for your system (SDK is not necessary)</li>
<li>Run lammps/lib/gpu/nvc_get_devices (after building the GPU library, see below) to list supported devices and properties</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Building LAMMPS with the GPU package:</strong></p>
<p>This requires two steps (a,b): build the GPU library, then build
LAMMPS with the GPU package.</p>
<p>You can do both these steps in one line, using the src/Make.py script,
described in <a class="reference internal" href="Section_start.html#start-4"><span class="std std-ref">Section 2.4</span></a> of the manual.
Type &#8220;Make.py -h&#8221; for help. If run from the src directory, this
command will create src/lmp_gpu using src/MAKE/Makefile.mpi as the
starting Makefile.machine:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Make</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">p</span> <span class="n">gpu</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">gpu</span> <span class="n">mode</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">single</span> <span class="n">arch</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">31</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">o</span> <span class="n">gpu</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="n">lib</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">gpu</span> <span class="n">file</span> <span class="n">mpi</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Or you can follow these two (a,b) steps:</p>
<ol class="loweralpha simple">
<li>Build the GPU library</li>
</ol>
<p>The GPU library is in lammps/lib/gpu. Select a Makefile.machine (in
lib/gpu) appropriate for your system. You should pay special
attention to 3 settings in this makefile.</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>CUDA_HOME = needs to be where NVIDIA Cuda software is installed on your system</li>
<li>CUDA_ARCH = needs to be appropriate to your GPUs</li>
<li>CUDA_PREC = precision (double, mixed, single) you desire</li>
</ul>
<p>See lib/gpu/Makefile.linux.double for examples of the ARCH settings
for different GPU choices, e.g. Fermi vs Kepler. It also lists the
possible precision settings:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
CUDA_PREC = -D_SINGLE_SINGLE # single precision for all calculations
CUDA_PREC = -D_DOUBLE_DOUBLE # double precision for all calculations
CUDA_PREC = -D_SINGLE_DOUBLE # accumulation of forces, etc, in double
</pre>
<p>The last setting is the mixed mode referred to above. Note that your
GPU must support double precision to use either the 2nd or 3rd of
these settings.</p>
<p>To build the library, type:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">make</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">f</span> <span class="n">Makefile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">machine</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If successful, it will produce the files libgpu.a and Makefile.lammps.</p>
<p>The latter file has 3 settings that need to be appropriate for the
paths and settings for the CUDA system software on your machine.
Makefile.lammps is a copy of the file specified by the EXTRAMAKE
setting in Makefile.machine. You can change EXTRAMAKE or create your
own Makefile.lammps.machine if needed.</p>
<p>Note that to change the precision of the GPU library, you need to
re-build the entire library. Do a &#8220;clean&#8221; first, e.g. &#8220;make -f
Makefile.linux clean&#8221;, followed by the make command above.</p>
<ol class="loweralpha simple" start="2">
<li>Build LAMMPS with the GPU package</li>
</ol>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">cd</span> <span class="n">lammps</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">src</span>
<span class="n">make</span> <span class="n">yes</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">gpu</span>
<span class="n">make</span> <span class="n">machine</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>No additional compile/link flags are needed in Makefile.machine.</p>
<p>Note that if you change the GPU library precision (discussed above)
and rebuild the GPU library, then you also need to re-install the GPU
package and re-build LAMMPS, so that all affected files are
re-compiled and linked to the new GPU library.</p>
<p><strong>Run with the GPU package from the command line:</strong></p>
<p>The mpirun or mpiexec command sets the total number of MPI tasks used
by LAMMPS (one or multiple per compute node) and the number of MPI
tasks used per node. E.g. the mpirun command in MPICH does this via
its -np and -ppn switches. Ditto for OpenMPI via -np and -npernode.</p>
<p>When using the GPU package, you cannot assign more than one GPU to a
single MPI task. However multiple MPI tasks can share the same GPU,
and in many cases it will be more efficient to run this way. Likewise
it may be more efficient to use less MPI tasks/node than the available
# of CPU cores. Assignment of multiple MPI tasks to a GPU will happen
automatically if you create more MPI tasks/node than there are
GPUs/mode. E.g. with 8 MPI tasks/node and 2 GPUs, each GPU will be
shared by 4 MPI tasks.</p>
<p>Use the &#8220;-sf gpu&#8221; <a class="reference internal" href="Section_start.html#start-7"><span class="std std-ref">command-line switch</span></a>,
which will automatically append &#8220;gpu&#8221; to styles that support it. Use
the &#8220;-pk gpu Ng&#8221; <a class="reference internal" href="Section_start.html#start-7"><span class="std std-ref">command-line switch</span></a> to
set Ng = # of GPUs/node to use.</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
lmp_machine -sf gpu -pk gpu 1 -in in.script # 1 MPI task uses 1 GPU
mpirun -np 12 lmp_machine -sf gpu -pk gpu 2 -in in.script # 12 MPI tasks share 2 GPUs on a single 16-core (or whatever) node
mpirun -np 48 -ppn 12 lmp_machine -sf gpu -pk gpu 2 -in in.script # ditto on 4 16-core nodes
</pre>
<p>Note that if the &#8220;-sf gpu&#8221; switch is used, it also issues a default
<a class="reference internal" href="package.html"><span class="doc">package gpu 1</span></a> command, which sets the number of
GPUs/node to 1.</p>
<p>Using the &#8220;-pk&#8221; switch explicitly allows for setting of the number of
GPUs/node to use and additional options. Its syntax is the same as
same as the &#8220;package gpu&#8221; command. See the <a class="reference internal" href="package.html"><span class="doc">package</span></a>
command doc page for details, including the default values used for
all its options if it is not specified.</p>
<p>Note that the default for the <a class="reference internal" href="package.html"><span class="doc">package gpu</span></a> command is to
set the Newton flag to &#8220;off&#8221; pairwise interactions. It does not
affect the setting for bonded interactions (LAMMPS default is &#8220;on&#8221;).
The &#8220;off&#8221; setting for pairwise interaction is currently required for
GPU package pair styles.</p>
<p><strong>Or run with the GPU package by editing an input script:</strong></p>
<p>The discussion above for the mpirun/mpiexec command, MPI tasks/node,
and use of multiple MPI tasks/GPU is the same.</p>
<p>Use the <a class="reference internal" href="suffix.html"><span class="doc">suffix gpu</span></a> command, or you can explicitly add an
&#8220;gpu&#8221; suffix to individual styles in your input script, e.g.</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
pair_style lj/cut/gpu 2.5
</pre>
<p>You must also use the <a class="reference internal" href="package.html"><span class="doc">package gpu</span></a> command to enable the
GPU package, unless the &#8220;-sf gpu&#8221; or &#8220;-pk gpu&#8221; <a class="reference internal" href="Section_start.html#start-7"><span class="std std-ref">command-line switches</span></a> were used. It specifies the
number of GPUs/node to use, as well as other options.</p>
<p><strong>Speed-ups to expect:</strong></p>
<p>The performance of a GPU versus a multi-core CPU is a function of your
hardware, which pair style is used, the number of atoms/GPU, and the
precision used on the GPU (double, single, mixed).</p>
<p>See the <a class="reference external" href="http://lammps.sandia.gov/bench.html">Benchmark page</a> of the
LAMMPS web site for performance of the GPU package on various
hardware, including the Titan HPC platform at ORNL.</p>
<p>You should also experiment with how many MPI tasks per GPU to use to
give the best performance for your problem and machine. This is also
a function of the problem size and the pair style being using.
Likewise, you should experiment with the precision setting for the GPU
library to see if single or mixed precision will give accurate
results, since they will typically be faster.</p>
<p><strong>Guidelines for best performance:</strong></p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Using multiple MPI tasks per GPU will often give the best performance,
as allowed my most multi-core CPU/GPU configurations.</li>
<li>If the number of particles per MPI task is small (e.g. 100s of
particles), it can be more efficient to run with fewer MPI tasks per
GPU, even if you do not use all the cores on the compute node.</li>
<li>The <a class="reference internal" href="package.html"><span class="doc">package gpu</span></a> command has several options for tuning
performance. Neighbor lists can be built on the GPU or CPU. Force
calculations can be dynamically balanced across the CPU cores and
GPUs. GPU-specific settings can be made which can be optimized
for different hardware. See the <a class="reference internal" href="package.html"><span class="doc">packakge</span></a> command
doc page for details.</li>
<li>As described by the <a class="reference internal" href="package.html"><span class="doc">package gpu</span></a> command, GPU
accelerated pair styles can perform computations asynchronously with
CPU computations. The &#8220;Pair&#8221; time reported by LAMMPS will be the
maximum of the time required to complete the CPU pair style
computations and the time required to complete the GPU pair style
computations. Any time spent for GPU-enabled pair styles for
computations that run simultaneously with <a class="reference internal" href="bond_style.html"><span class="doc">bond</span></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="angle_style.html"><span class="doc">angle</span></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="dihedral_style.html"><span class="doc">dihedral</span></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="improper_style.html"><span class="doc">improper</span></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="kspace_style.html"><span class="doc">long-range</span></a>
calculations will not be included in the &#8220;Pair&#8221; time.</li>
<li>When the <em>mode</em> setting for the package gpu command is force/neigh,
the time for neighbor list calculations on the GPU will be added into
the &#8220;Pair&#8221; time, not the &#8220;Neigh&#8221; time. An additional breakdown of the
times required for various tasks on the GPU (data copy, neighbor
calculations, force computations, etc) are output only with the LAMMPS
screen output (not in the log file) at the end of each run. These
timings represent total time spent on the GPU for each routine,
regardless of asynchronous CPU calculations.</li>
<li>The output section &#8220;GPU Time Info (average)&#8221; reports &#8220;Max Mem / Proc&#8221;.
This is the maximum memory used at one time on the GPU for data
storage by a single MPI process.</li>
</ul>
<div class="section" id="restrictions">
<h2>Restrictions</h2>
<p>None.</p>
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