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"LAMMPS WWW Site"_lws - "LAMMPS Documentation"_ld - "LAMMPS Commands"_lc :c
:link(lws,http://lammps.sandia.gov)
:link(ld,Manual.html)
:link(lc,Section_commands.html#comm)
:line
kspace_style command :h3
[Syntax:]
kspace_style style value :pre
style = {none} or {ewald} or {ewald/disp} or {ewald/omp} or {pppm} or {pppm/cg} or {pppm/disp} or {pppm/tip4p} or {pppm/stagger} or {pppm/disp/tip4p} or {pppm/gpu} or {pppm/omp} or {pppm/cg/omp} or {pppm/tip4p/omp} or {msm} or {msm/cg} or {msm/omp} or {msm/cg/omp} :ulb,l
{none} value = none
{ewald} value = accuracy
accuracy = desired relative error in forces
{ewald/disp} value = accuracy
accuracy = desired relative error in forces
{ewald/omp} value = accuracy
accuracy = desired relative error in forces
{pppm} value = accuracy
accuracy = desired relative error in forces
{pppm/cg} value = accuracy (smallq)
accuracy = desired relative error in forces
smallq = cutoff for charges to be considered (optional) (charge units)
{pppm/disp} value = accuracy
accuracy = desired relative error in forces
{pppm/tip4p} value = accuracy
accuracy = desired relative error in forces
{pppm/disp/tip4p} value = accuracy
accuracy = desired relative error in forces
{pppm/gpu} value = accuracy
accuracy = desired relative error in forces
{pppm/omp} value = accuracy
accuracy = desired relative error in forces
{pppm/cg/omp} value = accuracy
accuracy = desired relative error in forces
{pppm/tip4p/omp} value = accuracy
accuracy = desired relative error in forces
{pppm/stagger} value = accuracy
accuracy = desired relative error in forces
{msm} value = accuracy
accuracy = desired relative error in forces
{msm/cg} value = accuracy (smallq)
accuracy = desired relative error in forces
smallq = cutoff for charges to be considered (optional) (charge units)
{msm/omp} value = accuracy
accuracy = desired relative error in forces
{msm/cg/omp} value = accuracy (smallq)
accuracy = desired relative error in forces
smallq = cutoff for charges to be considered (optional) (charge units) :pre
:ule
[Examples:]
kspace_style pppm 1.0e-4
kspace_style pppm/cg 1.0e-5 1.0e-6
kspace style msm 1.0e-4
kspace_style none :pre
[Description:]
Define a long-range solver for LAMMPS to use each timestep to compute
long-range Coulombic interactions or long-range 1/r^6 interactions.
Most of the long-range solvers perform their computation in K-space,
hence the name of this command.
When such a solver is used in conjunction with an appropriate pair
style, the cutoff for Coulombic or 1/r^N interactions is effectively
infinite. If the Coulombic case, this means each charge in the system
interacts with charges in an infinite array of periodic images of the
simulation domain.
Note that using a long-range solver requires use of a matching "pair
style"_pair.html to perform consistent short-range pairwise
calculations. This means that the name of the pair style contains a
matching keyword to the name of the KSpace style, as in this table:
Pair style : KSpace style
coul/long : ewald or pppm
coul/msm : msm
lj/long or buck/long : disp (for dispersion)
tip4p/long : tip4p :tb(s=:,ea=c)
:line
The {ewald} style performs a standard Ewald summation as described in
any solid-state physics text.
The {ewald/disp} style adds a long-range dispersion sum option for
1/r^6 potentials and is useful for simulation of interfaces
"(Veld)"_#Veld. It also performs standard Coulombic Ewald summations,
but in a more efficient manner than the {ewald} style. The 1/r^6
capability means that Lennard-Jones or Buckingham potentials can be
used without a cutoff, i.e. they become full long-range potentials.
The {ewald/disp} style can also be used with point-dipoles
"(Toukmaji)"_#Toukmaji and is currently the only kspace solver in
LAMMPS with this capability.
:line
The {pppm} style invokes a particle-particle particle-mesh solver
"(Hockney)"_#Hockney which maps atom charge to a 3d mesh, uses 3d FFTs
to solve Poisson's equation on the mesh, then interpolates electric
fields on the mesh points back to the atoms. It is closely related to
the particle-mesh Ewald technique (PME) "(Darden)"_#Darden used in
AMBER and CHARMM. The cost of traditional Ewald summation scales as
N^(3/2) where N is the number of atoms in the system. The PPPM solver
scales as Nlog(N) due to the FFTs, so it is almost always a faster
choice "(Pollock)"_#Pollock.
The {pppm/cg} style is identical to the {pppm} style except that it
has an optimization for systems where most particles are uncharged.
Similarly the {msm/cg} style implements the same optimization for {msm}.
The optional {smallq} argument defines the cutoff for the absolute
charge value which determines whether a particle is considered charged
or not. Its default value is 1.0e-5.
The {pppm/tip4p} style is identical to the {pppm} style except that it
adds a charge at the massless 4th site in each TIP4P water molecule.
It should be used with "pair styles"_pair_style.html with a
{tip4p/long} in their style name.
The {pppm/stagger} style performs calculations using two different
meshes, one shifted slightly with respect to the other. This can
reduce force aliasing errors and increase the accuracy of the method
for a given mesh size. Or a coarser mesh can be used for the same
target accuracy, which saves CPU time. However, there is a trade-off
since FFTs on two meshes are now performed which increases the
compuation required. See "(Cerutti)"_#Cerutti, "(Neelov)"_#Neelov,
and "(Hockney)"_#Hockney for details of the method.
For high relative accuracy, using staggered PPPM allows the mesh size
to be reduced by a factor of 2 in each dimension as compared to
regular PPPM (for the same target accuracy). This can give up to a 4x
speedup in the KSpace time (8x less mesh points, 2x more expensive).
However, for low relative accuracy, the staggered PPPM mesh size may
be essentially the same as for regular PPPM, which means the method
will be up to 2x slower in the KSpace time (simply 2x more expensive).
For more details and timings, see
"Section_accelerate"_Section_accelerate.html.
NOTE: Using {pppm/stagger} may not give the same increase in the
accuracy of energy and pressure as it does in forces, so some caution
must be used if energy and/or pressure are quantities of interest,
such as when using a barostat.
:line
The {pppm/disp} and {pppm/disp/tip4p} styles add a mesh-based long-range
dispersion sum option for 1/r^6 potentials "(Isele-Holder)"_#Isele-Holder,
similar to the {ewald/disp} style. The 1/r^6 capability means
that Lennard-Jones or Buckingham potentials can be used without a cutoff,
i.e. they become full long-range potentials.
For these styles, you will possibly want to adjust the default choice of
parameters by using the "kspace_modify"_kspace_modify.html command.
This can be done by either choosing the Ewald and grid parameters, or
by specifying separate accuracies for the real and kspace
calculations. When not making any settings, the simulation will stop with
an error message. Further information on the influence of the parameters
and how to choose them is described in "(Isele-Holder)"_#Isele-Holder,
"(Isele-Holder2)"_#Isele-Holder2 and the
"How-To"_Section_howto.html#howto_24 discussion.
:line
NOTE: All of the PPPM styles can be used with single-precision FFTs by
using the compiler switch -DFFT_SINGLE for the FFT_INC setting in your
lo-level Makefile. This setting also changes some of the PPPM
operations (e.g. mapping charge to mesh and interpolating electric
fields to particles) to be performed in single precision. This option
can speed-up long-range calulations, particularly in parallel or on
GPUs. The use of the -DFFT_SINGLE flag is discussed in "this
section"_Section_start.html#start_2_4 of the manual. MSM does not
currently support the -DFFT_SINGLE compiler switch.
:line
The {msm} style invokes a multi-level summation method MSM solver,
"(Hardy)"_#Hardy or "(Hardy2)"_#Hardy2, which maps atom charge to a 3d
mesh, and uses a multi-level hierarchy of coarser and coarser meshes
on which direct coulomb solves are done. This method does not use
FFTs and scales as N. It may therefore be faster than the other
K-space solvers for relatively large problems when running on large
core counts. MSM can also be used for non-periodic boundary conditions and
for mixed periodic and non-periodic boundaries.
MSM is most competitive versus Ewald and PPPM when only relatively
low accuracy forces, about 1e-4 relative error or less accurate,
are needed. Note that use of a larger coulomb cutoff (i.e. 15
angstroms instead of 10 angstroms) provides better MSM accuracy for
both the real space and grid computed forces.
Currently calculation of the full pressure tensor in MSM is expensive.
Using the "kspace_modify"_kspace_modify.html {pressure/scalar yes}
command provides a less expensive way to compute the scalar pressure
(Pxx + Pyy + Pzz)/3.0. The scalar pressure can be used, for example,
to run an isotropic barostat. If the full pressure tensor is needed,
then calculating the pressure at every timestep or using a fixed
pressure simulation with MSM will cause the code to run slower.
:line
The specified {accuracy} determines the relative RMS error in per-atom
forces calculated by the long-range solver. It is set as a
dimensionless number, relative to the force that two unit point
charges (e.g. 2 monovalent ions) exert on each other at a distance of
1 Angstrom. This reference value was chosen as representative of the
magnitude of electrostatic forces in atomic systems. Thus an accuracy
value of 1.0e-4 means that the RMS error will be a factor of 10000
smaller than the reference force.
The accuracy setting is used in conjunction with the pairwise cutoff
to determine the number of K-space vectors for style {ewald} or the
grid size for style {pppm} or {msm}.
Note that style {pppm} only computes the grid size at the beginning of
a simulation, so if the length or triclinic tilt of the simulation
cell increases dramatically during the course of the simulation, the
accuracy of the simulation may degrade. Likewise, if the
"kspace_modify slab"_kspace_modify.html option is used with
shrink-wrap boundaries in the z-dimension, and the box size changes
dramatically in z. For example, for a triclinic system with all three
tilt factors set to the maximum limit, the PPPM grid should be
increased roughly by a factor of 1.5 in the y direction and 2.0 in the
z direction as compared to the same system using a cubic orthogonal
simulation cell. One way to ensure the accuracy requirement is being
met is to run a short simulation at the maximum expected tilt or
length, note the required grid size, and then use the
"kspace_modify"_kspace_modify.html {mesh} command to manually set the
PPPM grid size to this value.
RMS force errors in real space for {ewald} and {pppm} are estimated
using equation 18 of "(Kolafa)"_#Kolafa, which is also referenced as
equation 9 of "(Petersen)"_#Petersen. RMS force errors in K-space for
{ewald} are estimated using equation 11 of "(Petersen)"_#Petersen,
which is similar to equation 32 of "(Kolafa)"_#Kolafa. RMS force
errors in K-space for {pppm} are estimated using equation 38 of
"(Deserno)"_#Deserno. RMS force errors for {msm} are estimated
using ideas from chapter 3 of "(Hardy)"_#Hardy, with equation 3.197
of particular note. When using {msm} with non-periodic boundary
conditions, it is expected that the error estimation will be too
pessimistic. RMS force errors for dipoles when using {ewald/disp}
are estimated using equations 33 and 46 of "(Wang)"_#Wang.
See the "kspace_modify"_kspace_modify.html command for additional
options of the K-space solvers that can be set, including a {force}
option for setting an absoulte RMS error in forces, as opposed to a
relative RMS error.
:line
Styles with a {cuda}, {gpu}, {intel}, {kk}, {omp}, or {opt} suffix are
functionally the same as the corresponding style without the suffix.
They have been optimized to run faster, depending on your available
hardware, as discussed in "Section_accelerate"_Section_accelerate.html
of the manual. The accelerated styles take the same arguments and
should produce the same results, except for round-off and precision
issues.
More specifically, the {pppm/gpu} style performs charge assignment and
force interpolation calculations on the GPU. These processes are
performed either in single or double precision, depending on whether
the -DFFT_SINGLE setting was specified in your lo-level Makefile, as
discussed above. The FFTs themselves are still calculated on the CPU.
If {pppm/gpu} is used with a GPU-enabled pair style, part of the PPPM
calculation can be performed concurrently on the GPU while other
calculations for non-bonded and bonded force calculation are performed
on the CPU.
These accelerated styles are part of the USER-CUDA, GPU, USER-INTEL,
KOKKOS, USER-OMP, and OPT packages respectively. They are only
enabled if LAMMPS was built with those packages. See the "Making
LAMMPS"_Section_start.html#start_3 section for more info.
See "Section_accelerate"_Section_accelerate.html of the manual for
more instructions on how to use the accelerated styles effectively.
[Restrictions:]
Note that the long-range electrostatic solvers in LAMMPS assume conducting
metal (tinfoil) boundary conditions for both charge and dipole
interactions. Vacuum boundary conditions are not currently supported.
The {ewald/disp}, {ewald}, {pppm}, and {msm} styles support
non-orthogonal (triclinic symmetry) simulation boxes. However, triclinic
simulation cells may not yet be supported by suffix versions of these
styles (such as {pppm/cuda}).
All of the kspace styles are part of the KSPACE package. They are
only enabled if LAMMPS was built with that package. See the "Making
LAMMPS"_Section_start.html#start_3 section for more info. Note that
the KSPACE package is installed by default.
For MSM, a simulation must be 3d and one can use any combination of
periodic, non-periodic, or shrink-wrapped boundaries (specified using
the "boundary"_boundary.html command).
For Ewald and PPPM, a simulation must be 3d and periodic in all dimensions.
The only exception is if the slab option is set with "kspace_modify"_kspace_modify.html,
in which case the xy dimensions must be periodic and the z dimension must be
non-periodic.
[Related commands:]
"kspace_modify"_kspace_modify.html, "pair_style
lj/cut/coul/long"_pair_lj.html, "pair_style
lj/charmm/coul/long"_pair_charmm.html, "pair_style
lj/long/coul/long"_pair_lj_long.html, "pair_style buck/coul/long"_pair_buck.html
[Default:]
kspace_style none :pre
:line
:link(Darden)
[(Darden)] Darden, York, Pedersen, J Chem Phys, 98, 10089 (1993).
:link(Deserno)
[(Deserno)] Deserno and Holm, J Chem Phys, 109, 7694 (1998).
:link(Hockney)
[(Hockney)] Hockney and Eastwood, Computer Simulation Using Particles,
Adam Hilger, NY (1989).
:link(Kolafa)
[(Kolafa)] Kolafa and Perram, Molecular Simualtion, 9, 351 (1992).
:link(Petersen)
[(Petersen)] Petersen, J Chem Phys, 103, 3668 (1995).
:link(Wang)
[(Wang)] Wang and Holm, J Chem Phys, 115, 6277 (2001).
:link(Pollock)
[(Pollock)] Pollock and Glosli, Comp Phys Comm, 95, 93 (1996).
:link(Cerutti)
[(Cerutti)] Cerutti, Duke, Darden, Lybrand, Journal of Chemical Theory
and Computation 5, 2322 (2009)
:link(Neelov)
[(Neelov)] Neelov, Holm, J Chem Phys 132, 234103 (2010)
:link(Veld)
[(Veld)] In 't Veld, Ismail, Grest, J Chem Phys, 127, 144711 (2007).
:link(Toukmaji)
[(Toukmaji)] Toukmaji, Sagui, Board, and Darden, J Chem Phys, 113,
10913 (2000).
:link(Isele-Holder)
[(Isele-Holder)] Isele-Holder, Mitchell, Ismail, J Chem Phys, 137, 174107 (2012).
:link(Isele-Holder2)
[(Isele-Holder2)] Isele-Holder, Mitchell, Hammond, Kohlmeyer, Ismail, J Chem Theory
Comput 9, 5412 (2013).
:link(Hardy)
[(Hardy)] David Hardy thesis: Multilevel Summation for the Fast
Evaluation of Forces for the Simulation of Biomolecules, University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, (2006).
:link(Hardy2)
[(Hardy)] Hardy, Stone, Schulten, Parallel Computing 35 (2009)
164-177.
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