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			<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="">11. Python interface to LAMMPS</a><ul>
			<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#overview-of-running-lammps-from-python">11.1. Overview of running LAMMPS from Python</a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#overview-of-using-python-from-a-lammps-script">11.2. Overview of using Python from a LAMMPS script</a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#building-lammps-as-a-shared-library">11.3. Building LAMMPS as a shared library</a></li>
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			<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#extending-python-with-mpi-to-run-in-parallel">11.5. Extending Python with MPI to run in parallel</a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#testing-the-python-lammps-interface">11.6. Testing the Python-LAMMPS interface</a><ul>
			<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#test-lammps-and-python-in-serial">11.6.1. <strong>Test LAMMPS and Python in serial:</strong></a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#test-lammps-and-python-in-parallel">11.6.2. <strong>Test LAMMPS and Python in parallel:</strong></a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#running-python-scripts">11.6.3. <strong>Running Python scripts:</strong></a></li>
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			<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#using-lammps-from-python">11.7. Using LAMMPS from Python</a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#example-python-scripts-that-use-lammps">11.8. Example Python scripts that use LAMMPS</a></li>
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			<div class="section" id="python-interface-to-lammps">
			<h1>11. Python interface to LAMMPS<a class="headerlink" href="#python-interface-to-lammps" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
			<p>LAMMPS can work together with Python in two ways. First, Python can
			wrap LAMMPS through the <a class="reference internal" href="Section_howto.html#howto-19"><span>LAMMPS library interface</span></a>, so that a Python script can
			create one or more instances of LAMMPS and launch one or more
			simulations. In Python lingo, this is “extending” Python with LAMMPS.</p>
			<p>Second, LAMMPS can use the Python interpreter, so that a LAMMPS input
			script can invoke Python code, and pass information back-and-forth
			between the input script and Python functions you write. The Python
			code can also callback to LAMMPS to query or change its attributes.
			In Python lingo, this is “embedding” Python in LAMMPS.</p>
			<p>This section describes how to do both.</p>
			<ul class="simple">
			<li>11.1 <a class="reference internal" href="#py-1"><span>Overview of running LAMMPS from Python</span></a></li>
			<li>11.2 <a class="reference internal" href="#py-2"><span>Overview of using Python from a LAMMPS script</span></a></li>
			<li>11.3 <a class="reference internal" href="#py-3"><span>Building LAMMPS as a shared library</span></a></li>
			<li>11.4 <a class="reference internal" href="#py-4"><span>Installing the Python wrapper into Python</span></a></li>
			<li>11.5 <a class="reference internal" href="#py-5"><span>Extending Python with MPI to run in parallel</span></a></li>
			<li>11.6 <a class="reference internal" href="#py-6"><span>Testing the Python-LAMMPS interface</span></a></li>
			<li>11.7 <a class="reference internal" href="#py-7"><span>Using LAMMPS from Python</span></a></li>
			<li>11.8 <a class="reference internal" href="#py-8"><span>Example Python scripts that use LAMMPS</span></a></li>
			</ul>
			<p>If you are not familiar with it, <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org">Python</a> is a
			powerful scripting and programming language which can essentially do
			anything that faster, lower-level languages like C or C++ can do, but
			typically with much fewer lines of code. When used in embedded mode,
			Python can perform operations that the simplistic LAMMPS input script
			syntax cannot. Python can be also be used as a “glue” language to
			drive a program through its library interface, or to hook multiple
			pieces of software together, such as a simulation package plus a
			visualization package, or to run a coupled multiscale or multiphysics
			model.</p>
			<p>See <a class="reference internal" href="Section_howto.html#howto-10"><span>Section_howto 10</span></a> of the manual and
			the couple directory of the distribution for more ideas about coupling
			LAMMPS to other codes. See <a class="reference internal" href="Section_howto.html#howto-19"><span>Section_howto 19</span></a> for a description of the LAMMPS
			library interface provided in src/library.cpp and src/library.h, and
			how to extend it for your needs. As described below, that interface
			is what is exposed to Python either when calling LAMMPS from Python or
			when calling Python from a LAMMPS input script and then calling back
			to LAMMPS from Python code. The library interface is designed to be
			easy to add functions to. Thus the Python interface to LAMMPS is also
			easy to extend as well.</p>
			<p>If you create interesting Python scripts that run LAMMPS or
			interesting Python functions that can be called from a LAMMPS input
			script, that you think would be useful to other users, please <a class="reference external" href="http://lammps.sandia.gov/authors.html">email them to the developers</a>. We can
			include them in the LAMMPS distribution.</p>
			<div class="section" id="overview-of-running-lammps-from-python">
			<span id="py-1"></span><h2>11.1. Overview of running LAMMPS from Python<a class="headerlink" href="#overview-of-running-lammps-from-python" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
			<p>The LAMMPS distribution includes a python directory with all you need
			to run LAMMPS from Python. The python/lammps.py file wraps the LAMMPS
			library interface, with one wrapper function per LAMMPS library
			function. This file makes it is possible to do the following either
			from a Python script, or interactively from a Python prompt: create
			one or more instances of LAMMPS, invoke LAMMPS commands or give it an
			input script, run LAMMPS incrementally, extract LAMMPS results, an
			modify internal LAMMPS variables. From a Python script you can do
			this in serial or parallel. Running Python interactively in parallel
			does not generally work, unless you have a version of Python that
			extends standard Python to enable multiple instances of Python to read
			what you type.</p>
			<p>To do all of this, you must first build LAMMPS as a shared library,
			then insure that your Python can find the python/lammps.py file and
			the shared library. These steps are explained in subsequent sections
			11.3 and 11.4. Sections 11.5 and 11.6 discuss using MPI from a
			parallel Python program and how to test that you are ready to use
			LAMMPS from Python. Section 11.7 lists all the functions in the
			current LAMMPS library interface and how to call them from Python.</p>
			<p>Section 11.8 gives some examples of coupling LAMMPS to other tools via
			Python. For example, LAMMPS can easily be coupled to a GUI or other
			visualization tools that display graphs or animations in real time as
			LAMMPS runs. Examples of such scripts are inlcluded in the python
			directory.</p>
			<p>Two advantages of using Python to run LAMMPS are how concise the
			language is, and that it can be run interactively, enabling rapid
			development and debugging of programs. If you use it to mostly invoke
			costly operations within LAMMPS, such as running a simulation for a
			reasonable number of timesteps, then the overhead cost of invoking
			LAMMPS thru Python will be negligible.</p>
			<p>The Python wrapper for LAMMPS uses the amazing and magical (to me)
			“ctypes” package in Python, which auto-generates the interface code
			needed between Python and a set of C interface routines for a library.
			Ctypes is part of standard Python for versions 2.5 and later. You can
			check which version of Python you have installed, by simply typing
			“python” at a shell prompt.</p>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			</div>
			<div class="section" id="overview-of-using-python-from-a-lammps-script">
			<span id="py-2"></span><h2>11.2. Overview of using Python from a LAMMPS script<a class="headerlink" href="#overview-of-using-python-from-a-lammps-script" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
			<div class="admonition note">
			<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
			<p class="last">It is not currently possible to use the <a class="reference internal" href="python.html"><em>python</em></a>
			command described in this section with Python 3, only with Python 2.
			The C API changed from Python 2 to 3 and the LAMMPS code is not
			compatible with both.</p>
			</div>
			<p>LAMMPS has a <a class="reference internal" href="python.html"><em>python</em></a> command which can be used in an
			input script to define and execute a Python function that you write
			the code for. The Python function can also be assigned to a LAMMPS
			python-style variable via the <a class="reference internal" href="variable.html"><em>variable</em></a> command. Each
			time the variable is evaluated, either in the LAMMPS input script
			itself, or by another LAMMPS command that uses the variable, this will
			trigger the Python function to be invoked.</p>
			<p>The Python code for the function can be included directly in the input
			script or in an auxiliary file. The function can have arguments which
			are mapped to LAMMPS variables (also defined in the input script) and
			it can return a value to a LAMMPS variable. This is thus a mechanism
			for your input script to pass information to a piece of Python code,
			ask Python to execute the code, and return information to your input
			script.</p>
			<p>Note that a Python function can be arbitrarily complex. It can import
			other Python modules, instantiate Python classes, call other Python
			functions, etc. The Python code that you provide can contain more
			code than the single function. It can contain other functions or
			Python classes, as well as global variables or other mechanisms for
			storing state between calls from LAMMPS to the function.</p>
			<p>The Python function you provide can consist of “pure” Python code that
			only performs operations provided by standard Python. However, the
			Python function can also “call back” to LAMMPS through its
			Python-wrapped library interface, in the manner described in the
			previous section 11.1. This means it can issue LAMMPS input script
			commands or query and set internal LAMMPS state. As an example, this
			can be useful in an input script to create a more complex loop with
			branching logic, than can be created using the simple looping and
			branching logic enabled by the <a class="reference internal" href="next.html"><em>next</em></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="if.html"><em>if</em></a>
			commands.</p>
			<p>See the <a class="reference internal" href="python.html"><em>python</em></a> doc page and the <a class="reference internal" href="variable.html"><em>variable</em></a>
			doc page for its python-style variables for more info, including
			examples of Python code you can write for both pure Python operations
			and callbacks to LAMMPS.</p>
			<p>To run pure Python code from LAMMPS, you only need to build LAMMPS
			with the PYTHON package installed:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>make yes-python
			make machine
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Note that this will link LAMMPS with the Python library on your
			system, which typically requires several auxiliary system libraries to
			also be linked. The list of these libraries and the paths to find
			them are specified in the lib/python/Makefile.lammps file. You need
			to insure that file contains the correct information for your version
			of Python and your machine to successfully build LAMMPS. See the
			lib/python/README file for more info.</p>
			<p>If you want to write Python code with callbacks to LAMMPS, then you
			must also follow the steps overviewed in the preceeding section (11.1)
			for running LAMMPS from Python. I.e. you must build LAMMPS as a
			shared library and insure that Python can find the python/lammps.py
			file and the shared library.</p>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			</div>
			<div class="section" id="building-lammps-as-a-shared-library">
			<span id="py-3"></span><h2>11.3. Building LAMMPS as a shared library<a class="headerlink" href="#building-lammps-as-a-shared-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
			<p>Instructions on how to build LAMMPS as a shared library are given in
			<a class="reference internal" href="Section_start.html#start-5"><span>Section_start 5</span></a>. A shared library is one
			that is dynamically loadable, which is what Python requires to wrap
			LAMMPS. On Linux this is a library file that ends in ”.so”, not ”.a”.</p>
			<p>From the src directory, type</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>make foo mode=shlib
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>where foo is the machine target name, such as linux or g++ or serial.
			This should create the file liblammps_foo.so in the src directory, as
			well as a soft link liblammps.so, which is what the Python wrapper will
			load by default. Note that if you are building multiple machine
			versions of the shared library, the soft link is always set to the
			most recently built version.</p>
			<div class="admonition note">
			<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
			<p class="last">If you are building LAMMPS with an MPI or FFT library or other
			auxiliary libraries (used by various packages), then all of these
			extra libraries must also be shared libraries. If the LAMMPS
			shared-library build fails with an error complaining about this, see
			<a class="reference internal" href="Section_start.html#start-5"><span>Section_start 5</span></a> for more details.</p>
			</div>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			</div>
			<div class="section" id="installing-the-python-wrapper-into-python">
			<span id="py-4"></span><h2>11.4. Installing the Python wrapper into Python<a class="headerlink" href="#installing-the-python-wrapper-into-python" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
			<p>For Python to invoke LAMMPS, there are 2 files it needs to know about:</p>
			<ul class="simple">
			<li>python/lammps.py</li>
			<li>src/liblammps.so</li>
			</ul>
			<p>Lammps.py is the Python wrapper on the LAMMPS library interface.
			Liblammps.so is the shared LAMMPS library that Python loads, as
			described above.</p>
			<p>You can insure Python can find these files in one of two ways:</p>
			<ul class="simple">
			<li>set two environment variables</li>
			<li>run the python/install.py script</li>
			</ul>
			<p>If you set the paths to these files as environment variables, you only
			have to do it once. For the csh or tcsh shells, add something like
			this to your ~/.cshrc file, one line for each of the two files:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>setenv PYTHONPATH ${PYTHONPATH}:/home/sjplimp/lammps/python
			setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH ${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}:/home/sjplimp/lammps/src
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>If you use the python/install.py script, you need to invoke it every
			time you rebuild LAMMPS (as a shared library) or make changes to the
			python/lammps.py file.</p>
			<p>You can invoke install.py from the python directory as</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>% python install.py [libdir] [pydir]
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>The optional libdir is where to copy the LAMMPS shared library to; the
			default is /usr/local/lib. The optional pydir is where to copy the
			lammps.py file to; the default is the site-packages directory of the
			version of Python that is running the install script.</p>
			<p>Note that libdir must be a location that is in your default
			LD_LIBRARY_PATH, like /usr/local/lib or /usr/lib. And pydir must be a
			location that Python looks in by default for imported modules, like
			its site-packages dir. If you want to copy these files to
			non-standard locations, such as within your own user space, you will
			need to set your PYTHONPATH and LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variables
			accordingly, as above.</p>
			<p>If the install.py script does not allow you to copy files into system
			directories, prefix the python command with “sudo”. If you do this,
			make sure that the Python that root runs is the same as the Python you
			run. E.g. you may need to do something like</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>% sudo /usr/local/bin/python install.py [libdir] [pydir]
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>You can also invoke install.py from the make command in the src
			directory as</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>% make install-python
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>In this mode you cannot append optional arguments. Again, you may
			need to prefix this with “sudo”. In this mode you cannot control
			which Python is invoked by root.</p>
			<p>Note that if you want Python to be able to load different versions of
			the LAMMPS shared library (see <a class="reference internal" href="#py-5"><span>this section</span></a> below), you will
			need to manually copy files like liblammps_g++.so into the appropriate
			system directory. This is not needed if you set the LD_LIBRARY_PATH
			environment variable as described above.</p>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			</div>
			<div class="section" id="extending-python-with-mpi-to-run-in-parallel">
			<span id="py-5"></span><h2>11.5. Extending Python with MPI to run in parallel<a class="headerlink" href="#extending-python-with-mpi-to-run-in-parallel" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
			<p>If you wish to run LAMMPS in parallel from Python, you need to extend
			your Python with an interface to MPI. This also allows you to
			make MPI calls directly from Python in your script, if you desire.</p>
			<p>There are several Python packages available that purport to wrap MPI
			as a library and allow MPI functions to be called from Python.</p>
			<p>These include</p>
			<ul class="simple">
			<li><a class="reference external" href="http://pympi.sourceforge.net/">pyMPI</a></li>
			<li><a class="reference external" href="http://code.google.com/p/maroonmpi/">maroonmpi</a></li>
			<li><a class="reference external" href="http://code.google.com/p/mpi4py/">mpi4py</a></li>
			<li><a class="reference external" href="http://nbcr.sdsc.edu/forum/viewtopic.php?t=89&sid=c997fefc3933bd66204875b436940f16">myMPI</a></li>
			<li><a class="reference external" href="http://code.google.com/p/pypar">Pypar</a></li>
			</ul>
			<p>All of these except pyMPI work by wrapping the MPI library and
			exposing (some portion of) its interface to your Python script. This
			means Python cannot be used interactively in parallel, since they do
			not address the issue of interactive input to multiple instances of
			Python running on different processors. The one exception is pyMPI,
			which alters the Python interpreter to address this issue, and (I
			believe) creates a new alternate executable (in place of “python”
			itself) as a result.</p>
			<p>In principle any of these Python/MPI packages should work to invoke
			LAMMPS in parallel and to make MPI calls themselves from a Python
			script which is itself running in parallel. However, when I
			downloaded and looked at a few of them, their documentation was
			incomplete and I had trouble with their installation. It’s not clear
			if some of the packages are still being actively developed and
			supported.</p>
			<p>The packages Pypar and mpi4py have both been successfully tested with
			LAMMPS. Pypar is simpler and easy to set up and use, but supports
			only a subset of MPI. Mpi4py is more MPI-feature complete, but also a
			bit more complex to use. As of version 2.0.0, mpi4py is the only
			python MPI wrapper that allows passing a custom MPI communicator to
			the LAMMPS constructor, which means one can easily run one or more
			LAMMPS instances on subsets of the total MPI ranks.</p>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			<p>Pypar requires the ubiquitous <a class="reference external" href="http://numpy.scipy.org">Numpy package</a>
			be installed in your Python. After launching Python, type</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span>
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>to see if it is installed. If not, here is how to install it (version
			1.3.0b1 as of April 2009). Unpack the numpy tarball and from its
			top-level directory, type</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>python setup.py build
			sudo python setup.py install
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>The “sudo” is only needed if required to copy Numpy files into your
			Python distribution’s site-packages directory.</p>
			<p>To install Pypar (version pypar-2.1.4_94 as of Aug 2012), unpack it
			and from its “source” directory, type</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>python setup.py build
			sudo python setup.py install
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Again, the “sudo” is only needed if required to copy Pypar files into
			your Python distribution’s site-packages directory.</p>
			<p>If you have successully installed Pypar, you should be able to run
			Python and type</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pypar</span>
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>without error. You should also be able to run python in parallel
			on a simple test script</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>% mpirun -np 4 python test.py
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>where test.py contains the lines</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import pypar
			print "Proc %d out of %d procs" % (pypar.rank(),pypar.size())
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>and see one line of output for each processor you run on.</p>
			<div class="admonition note">
			<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
			<p class="last">To use Pypar and LAMMPS in parallel from Python, you must insure
			both are using the same version of MPI. If you only have one MPI
			installed on your system, this is not an issue, but it can be if you
			have multiple MPIs. Your LAMMPS build is explicit about which MPI it
			is using, since you specify the details in your lo-level
			src/MAKE/Makefile.foo file. Pypar uses the “mpicc” command to find
			information about the MPI it uses to build against. And it tries to
			load “libmpi.so” from the LD_LIBRARY_PATH. This may or may not find
			the MPI library that LAMMPS is using. If you have problems running
			both Pypar and LAMMPS together, this is an issue you may need to
			address, e.g. by moving other MPI installations so that Pypar finds
			the right one.</p>
			</div>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			<p>To install mpi4py (version mpi4py-2.0.0 as of Oct 2015), unpack it
			and from its main directory, type</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>python setup.py build
			sudo python setup.py install
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Again, the “sudo” is only needed if required to copy mpi4py files into
			your Python distribution’s site-packages directory. To install with
			user privilege into the user local directory type</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>python setup.py install --user
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>If you have successully installed mpi4py, you should be able to run
			Python and type</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">mpi4py</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">MPI</span>
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>without error. You should also be able to run python in parallel
			on a simple test script</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>% mpirun -np 4 python test.py
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>where test.py contains the lines</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>from mpi4py import MPI
			comm = MPI.COMM_WORLD
			print "Proc %d out of %d procs" % (comm.Get_rank(),comm.Get_size())
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>and see one line of output for each processor you run on.</p>
			<div class="admonition note">
			<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
			<p class="last">To use mpi4py and LAMMPS in parallel from Python, you must
			insure both are using the same version of MPI. If you only have one
			MPI installed on your system, this is not an issue, but it can be if
			you have multiple MPIs. Your LAMMPS build is explicit about which MPI
			it is using, since you specify the details in your lo-level
			src/MAKE/Makefile.foo file. Mpi4py uses the “mpicc” command to find
			information about the MPI it uses to build against. And it tries to
			load “libmpi.so” from the LD_LIBRARY_PATH. This may or may not find
			the MPI library that LAMMPS is using. If you have problems running
			both mpi4py and LAMMPS together, this is an issue you may need to
			address, e.g. by moving other MPI installations so that mpi4py finds
			the right one.</p>
			</div>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			</div>
			<div class="section" id="testing-the-python-lammps-interface">
			<span id="py-6"></span><h2>11.6. Testing the Python-LAMMPS interface<a class="headerlink" href="#testing-the-python-lammps-interface" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
			<p>To test if LAMMPS is callable from Python, launch Python interactively
			and type:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">lammps</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">lammps</span>
			<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">lmp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">lammps</span><span class="p">()</span>
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>If you get no errors, you’re ready to use LAMMPS from Python. If the
			2nd command fails, the most common error to see is</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>OSError: Could not load LAMMPS dynamic library
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>which means Python was unable to load the LAMMPS shared library. This
			typically occurs if the system can’t find the LAMMPS shared library or
			one of the auxiliary shared libraries it depends on, or if something
			about the library is incompatible with your Python. The error message
			should give you an indication of what went wrong.</p>
			<p>You can also test the load directly in Python as follows, without
			first importing from the lammps.py file:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">ctypes</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">CDLL</span>
			<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">CDLL</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"liblammps.so"</span><span class="p">)</span>
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>If an error occurs, carefully go thru the steps in <a class="reference internal" href="Section_start.html#start-5"><span>Section_start 5</span></a> and above about building a shared
			library and about insuring Python can find the necessary two files
			it needs.</p>
			<div class="section" id="test-lammps-and-python-in-serial">
			<h3>11.6.1. <strong>Test LAMMPS and Python in serial:</strong><a class="headerlink" href="#test-lammps-and-python-in-serial" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
			<p>To run a LAMMPS test in serial, type these lines into Python
			interactively from the bench directory:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">lammps</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">lammps</span>
			<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">lmp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">lammps</span><span class="p">()</span>
			<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">lmp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"in.lj"</span><span class="p">)</span>
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Or put the same lines in the file test.py and run it as</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>% python test.py
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Either way, you should see the results of running the in.lj benchmark
			on a single processor appear on the screen, the same as if you had
			typed something like:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>lmp_g++ -in in.lj
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			</div>
			<div class="section" id="test-lammps-and-python-in-parallel">
			<h3>11.6.2. <strong>Test LAMMPS and Python in parallel:</strong><a class="headerlink" href="#test-lammps-and-python-in-parallel" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
			<p>To run LAMMPS in parallel, assuming you have installed the
			<a class="reference external" href="Pypar">Pypar</a> package as discussed above, create a test.py file
			containing these lines:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>import pypar
			from lammps import lammps
			lmp = lammps()
			lmp.file("in.lj")
			print "Proc %d out of %d procs has" % (pypar.rank(),pypar.size()),lmp
			pypar.finalize()
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>To run LAMMPS in parallel, assuming you have installed the
			<a class="reference external" href="mpi4py">mpi4py</a> package as discussed above, create a test.py file
			containing these lines:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>from mpi4py import MPI
			from lammps import lammps
			lmp = lammps()
			lmp.file("in.lj")
			me = MPI.COMM_WORLD.Get_rank()
			nprocs = MPI.COMM_WORLD.Get_size()
			print "Proc %d out of %d procs has" % (me,nprocs),lmp
			MPI.Finalize()
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>You can either script in parallel as:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>% mpirun -np 4 python test.py
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>and you should see the same output as if you had typed</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>% mpirun -np 4 lmp_g++ -in in.lj
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Note that if you leave out the 3 lines from test.py that specify Pypar
			commands you will instantiate and run LAMMPS independently on each of
			the P processors specified in the mpirun command. In this case you
			should get 4 sets of output, each showing that a LAMMPS run was made
			on a single processor, instead of one set of output showing that
			LAMMPS ran on 4 processors. If the 1-processor outputs occur, it
			means that Pypar is not working correctly.</p>
			<p>Also note that once you import the PyPar module, Pypar initializes MPI
			for you, and you can use MPI calls directly in your Python script, as
			described in the Pypar documentation. The last line of your Python
			script should be pypar.finalize(), to insure MPI is shut down
			correctly.</p>
			</div>
			<div class="section" id="running-python-scripts">
			<h3>11.6.3. <strong>Running Python scripts:</strong><a class="headerlink" href="#running-python-scripts" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
			<p>Note that any Python script (not just for LAMMPS) can be invoked in
			one of several ways:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>% python foo.script
			% python -i foo.script
			% foo.script
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>The last command requires that the first line of the script be
			something like this:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">#!/usr/local/bin/python</span>
			<span class="c">#!/usr/local/bin/python -i</span>
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>where the path points to where you have Python installed, and that you
			have made the script file executable:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>% chmod +x foo.script
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Without the “-i” flag, Python will exit when the script finishes.
			With the “-i” flag, you will be left in the Python interpreter when
			the script finishes, so you can type subsequent commands. As
			mentioned above, you can only run Python interactively when running
			Python on a single processor, not in parallel.</p>
			</div>
			</div>
			<div class="section" id="using-lammps-from-python">
			<span id="py-7"></span><h2>11.7. Using LAMMPS from Python<a class="headerlink" href="#using-lammps-from-python" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
			<p>As described above, the Python interface to LAMMPS consists of a
			Python “lammps” module, the source code for which is in
			python/lammps.py, which creates a “lammps” object, with a set of
			methods that can be invoked on that object. The sample Python code
			below assumes you have first imported the “lammps” module in your
			Python script, as follows:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">lammps</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">lammps</span>
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>These are the methods defined by the lammps module. If you look at
			the files src/library.cpp and src/library.h you will see that they
			correspond one-to-one with calls you can make to the LAMMPS library
			from a C++ or C or Fortran program.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>lmp = lammps() # create a LAMMPS object using the default liblammps.so library
			4 optional args are allowed: name, cmdargs, ptr, comm
			lmp = lammps(ptr=lmpptr) # use lmpptr as previously created LAMMPS object
			lmp = lammps(comm=split) # create a LAMMPS object with a custom communicator, requires mpi4py 2.0.0 or later
			lmp = lammps(name="g++") # create a LAMMPS object using the liblammps_g++.so library
			lmp = lammps(name="g++",cmdargs=list) # add LAMMPS command-line args, e.g. list = ["-echo","screen"]
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">lmp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c"># destroy a LAMMPS object</span>
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>version = lmp.version() # return the numerical version id, e.g. LAMMPS 2 Sep 2015 -> 20150902</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">lmp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">file</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># run an entire input script, file = "in.lj"</span>
			<span class="n">lmp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">command</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">cmd</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># invoke a single LAMMPS command, cmd = "run 100"</span>
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">xlo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">lmp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extract_global</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># extract a global quantity</span>
			<span class="c"># name = "boxxlo", "nlocal", etc</span>
			<span class="c"># type = 0 = int</span>
			<span class="c"># 1 = double</span>
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">coords</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">lmp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extract_atom</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># extract a per-atom quantity</span>
			<span class="c"># name = "x", "type", etc</span>
			<span class="c"># type = 0 = vector of ints</span>
			<span class="c"># 1 = array of ints</span>
			<span class="c"># 2 = vector of doubles</span>
			<span class="c"># 3 = array of doubles</span>
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">eng</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">lmp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extract_compute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">id</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">style</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># extract value(s) from a compute</span>
			<span class="n">v3</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">lmp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extract_fix</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">id</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">style</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">i</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">j</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># extract value(s) from a fix</span>
			<span class="c"># id = ID of compute or fix</span>
			<span class="c"># style = 0 = global data</span>
			<span class="c"># 1 = per-atom data</span>
			<span class="c"># 2 = local data</span>
			<span class="c"># type = 0 = scalar</span>
			<span class="c"># 1 = vector</span>
			<span class="c"># 2 = array</span>
			<span class="c"># i,j = indices of value in global vector or array</span>
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">var</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">lmp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">extract_variable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">group</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">flag</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># extract value(s) from a variable</span>
			<span class="c"># name = name of variable</span>
			<span class="c"># group = group ID (ignored for equal-style variables)</span>
			<span class="c"># flag = 0 = equal-style variable</span>
			<span class="c"># 1 = atom-style variable</span>
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">flag</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">lmp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_variable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># set existing named string-style variable to value, flag = 0 if successful</span>
			<span class="n">natoms</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">lmp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_natoms</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c"># total # of atoms as int</span>
			<span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">lmp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">gather_atoms</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># return atom attribute of all atoms gathered into data, ordered by atom ID</span>
			<span class="c"># name = "x", "charge", "type", etc</span>
			<span class="c"># count = # of per-atom values, 1 or 3, etc</span>
			<span class="n">lmp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">scatter_atoms</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># scatter atom attribute of all atoms from data, ordered by atom ID</span>
			<span class="c"># name = "x", "charge", "type", etc</span>
			<span class="c"># count = # of per-atom values, 1 or 3, etc</span>
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			<p>The lines</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">lammps</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">lammps</span>
			<span class="n">lmp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">lammps</span><span class="p">()</span>
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>create an instance of LAMMPS, wrapped in a Python class by the lammps
			Python module, and return an instance of the Python class as lmp. It
			is used to make all subequent calls to the LAMMPS library.</p>
			<p>Additional arguments can be used to tell Python the name of the shared
			library to load or to pass arguments to the LAMMPS instance, the same
			as if LAMMPS were launched from a command-line prompt.</p>
			<p>If the ptr argument is set like this:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">lmp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">lammps</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ptr</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">lmpptr</span><span class="p">)</span>
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>then lmpptr must be an argument passed to Python via the LAMMPS
			<a class="reference internal" href="python.html"><em>python</em></a> command, when it is used to define a Python
			function that is invoked by the LAMMPS input script. This mode of
			using Python with LAMMPS is described above in 11.2. The variable
			lmpptr refers to the instance of LAMMPS that called the embedded
			Python interpreter. Using it as an argument to lammps() allows the
			returned Python class instance “lmp” to make calls to that instance of
			LAMMPS. See the <a class="reference internal" href="python.html"><em>python</em></a> command doc page for examples
			using this syntax.</p>
			<p>Note that you can create multiple LAMMPS objects in your Python
			script, and coordinate and run multiple simulations, e.g.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">lammps</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">lammps</span>
			<span class="n">lmp1</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">lammps</span><span class="p">()</span>
			<span class="n">lmp2</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">lammps</span><span class="p">()</span>
			<span class="n">lmp1</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"in.file1"</span><span class="p">)</span>
			<span class="n">lmp2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"in.file2"</span><span class="p">)</span>
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>The file() and command() methods allow an input script or single
			commands to be invoked.</p>
			<p>The extract_global(), extract_atom(), extract_compute(),
			extract_fix(), and extract_variable() methods return values or
			pointers to data structures internal to LAMMPS.</p>
			<p>For extract_global() see the src/library.cpp file for the list of
			valid names. New names could easily be added. A double or integer is
			returned. You need to specify the appropriate data type via the type
			argument.</p>
			<p>For extract_atom(), a pointer to internal LAMMPS atom-based data is
			returned, which you can use via normal Python subscripting. See the
			extract() method in the src/atom.cpp file for a list of valid names.
			Again, new names could easily be added. A pointer to a vector of
			doubles or integers, or a pointer to an array of doubles (double <a href="#id3"><span class="problematic" id="id4">**</span></a>)
			or integers (int <a href="#id5"><span class="problematic" id="id6">**</span></a>) is returned. You need to specify the appropriate
			data type via the type argument.</p>
			<p>For extract_compute() and extract_fix(), the global, per-atom, or
			local data calulated by the compute or fix can be accessed. What is
			returned depends on whether the compute or fix calculates a scalar or
			vector or array. For a scalar, a single double value is returned. If
			the compute or fix calculates a vector or array, a pointer to the
			internal LAMMPS data is returned, which you can use via normal Python
			subscripting. The one exception is that for a fix that calculates a
			global vector or array, a single double value from the vector or array
			is returned, indexed by I (vector) or I and J (array). I,J are
			zero-based indices. The I,J arguments can be left out if not needed.
			See <a class="reference internal" href="Section_howto.html#howto-15"><span>Section_howto 15</span></a> of the manual for a
			discussion of global, per-atom, and local data, and of scalar, vector,
			and array data types. See the doc pages for individual
			<a class="reference internal" href="compute.html"><em>computes</em></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="fix.html"><em>fixes</em></a> for a description of what
			they calculate and store.</p>
			<p>For extract_variable(), an <a class="reference internal" href="variable.html"><em>equal-style or atom-style variable</em></a> is evaluated and its result returned.</p>
			<p>For equal-style variables a single double value is returned and the
			group argument is ignored. For atom-style variables, a vector of
			doubles is returned, one value per atom, which you can use via normal
			Python subscripting. The values will be zero for atoms not in the
			specified group.</p>
			<p>The get_natoms() method returns the total number of atoms in the
			simulation, as an int.</p>
			<p>The gather_atoms() method returns a ctypes vector of ints or doubles
			as specified by type, of length count*natoms, for the property of all
			the atoms in the simulation specified by name, ordered by count and
			then by atom ID. The vector can be used via normal Python
			subscripting. If atom IDs are not consecutively ordered within
			LAMMPS, a None is returned as indication of an error.</p>
			<p>Note that the data structure gather_atoms(“x”) returns is different
			from the data structure returned by extract_atom(“x”) in four ways.
			(1) Gather_atoms() returns a vector which you index as x[i];
			extract_atom() returns an array which you index as x[i][j]. (2)
			Gather_atoms() orders the atoms by atom ID while extract_atom() does
			not. (3) Gathert_atoms() returns a list of all atoms in the
			simulation; extract_atoms() returns just the atoms local to each
			processor. (4) Finally, the gather_atoms() data structure is a copy
			of the atom coords stored internally in LAMMPS, whereas extract_atom()
			returns an array that effectively points directly to the internal
			data. This means you can change values inside LAMMPS from Python by
			assigning a new values to the extract_atom() array. To do this with
			the gather_atoms() vector, you need to change values in the vector,
			then invoke the scatter_atoms() method.</p>
			<p>The scatter_atoms() method takes a vector of ints or doubles as
			specified by type, of length count*natoms, for the property of all the
			atoms in the simulation specified by name, ordered by bount and then
			by atom ID. It uses the vector of data to overwrite the corresponding
			properties for each atom inside LAMMPS. This requires LAMMPS to have
			its “map” option enabled; see the <a class="reference internal" href="atom_modify.html"><em>atom_modify</em></a>
			command for details. If it is not, or if atom IDs are not
			consecutively ordered, no coordinates are reset.</p>
			<p>The array of coordinates passed to scatter_atoms() must be a ctypes
			vector of ints or doubles, allocated and initialized something like
			this:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>from ctypes import *
			natoms = lmp.get_natoms()
			n3 = 3*natoms
			x = (n3*c_double)()
			x[0] = x coord of atom with ID 1
			x[1] = y coord of atom with ID 1
			x[2] = z coord of atom with ID 1
			x[3] = x coord of atom with ID 2
			...
			x[n3-1] = z coord of atom with ID natoms
			lmp.scatter_coords("x",1,3,x)
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Alternatively, you can just change values in the vector returned by
			gather_atoms(“x”,1,3), since it is a ctypes vector of doubles.</p>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			<p>As noted above, these Python class methods correspond one-to-one with
			the functions in the LAMMPS library interface in src/library.cpp and
			library.h. This means you can extend the Python wrapper via the
			following steps:</p>
			<ul class="simple">
			<li>Add a new interface function to src/library.cpp and
			src/library.h.</li>
			<li>Rebuild LAMMPS as a shared library.</li>
			<li>Add a wrapper method to python/lammps.py for this interface
			function.</li>
			<li>You should now be able to invoke the new interface function from a
			Python script. Isn’t ctypes amazing?</li>
			</ul>
			</div>
			<div class="section" id="example-python-scripts-that-use-lammps">
			<span id="py-8"></span><h2>11.8. Example Python scripts that use LAMMPS<a class="headerlink" href="#example-python-scripts-that-use-lammps" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
			<p>These are the Python scripts included as demos in the python/examples
			directory of the LAMMPS distribution, to illustrate the kinds of
			things that are possible when Python wraps LAMMPS. If you create your
			own scripts, send them to us and we can include them in the LAMMPS
			distribution.</p>
			<table border="1" class="docutils">
			<colgroup>
			<col width="56%" />
			<col width="44%" />
			</colgroup>
			<tbody valign="top">
			<tr class="row-odd"><td>trivial.py</td>
			<td>read/run a LAMMPS input script thru Python</td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="row-even"><td>demo.py</td>
			<td>invoke various LAMMPS library interface routines</td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="row-odd"><td>simple.py</td>
			<td>run in parallel</td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="row-even"><td>similar to examples/COUPLE/simple/simple.cpp</td>
			<td>split.py</td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="row-odd"><td>same as simple.py but running in parallel on a subset of procs</td>
			<td>gui.py</td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="row-even"><td>GUI go/stop/temperature-slider to control LAMMPS</td>
			<td>plot.py</td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="row-odd"><td>real-time temeperature plot with GnuPlot via Pizza.py</td>
			<td>viz_tool.py</td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="row-even"><td>real-time viz via some viz package</td>
			<td>vizplotgui_tool.py</td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="row-odd"><td>combination of viz_tool.py and plot.py and gui.py</td>
			<td> </td>
			</tr>
			</tbody>
			</table>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			<p>For the viz_tool.py and vizplotgui_tool.py commands, replace “tool”
			with “gl” or “atomeye” or “pymol” or “vmd”, depending on what
			visualization package you have installed.</p>
			<p>Note that for GL, you need to be able to run the Pizza.py GL tool,
			which is included in the pizza sub-directory. See the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.sandia.gov/~sjplimp/pizza.html">Pizza.py doc pages</a> for more info:</p>
			<p>Note that for AtomEye, you need version 3, and there is a line in the
			scripts that specifies the path and name of the executable. See the
			AtomEye WWW pages <a class="reference external" href="http://mt.seas.upenn.edu/Archive/Graphics/A">here</a> or <a class="reference external" href="http://mt.seas.upenn.edu/Archive/Graphics/A3/A3.html">here</a> for more details:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>http://mt.seas.upenn.edu/Archive/Graphics/A
			http://mt.seas.upenn.edu/Archive/Graphics/A3/A3.html
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>The latter link is to AtomEye 3 which has the scriping
			capability needed by these Python scripts.</p>
			<p>Note that for PyMol, you need to have built and installed the
			open-source version of PyMol in your Python, so that you can import it
			from a Python script. See the PyMol WWW pages <a class="reference external" href="http://www.pymol.org">here</a> or
			<a class="reference external" href="http://sourceforge.net/scm/?type=svn&group_id=4546">here</a> for more details:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>http://www.pymol.org
			http://sourceforge.net/scm/?type=svn&group_id=4546
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>The latter link is to the open-source version.</p>
			<p>Note that for VMD, you need a fairly current version (1.8.7 works for
			me) and there are some lines in the pizza/vmd.py script for 4 PIZZA
			variables that have to match the VMD installation on your system.</p>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			<p>See the python/README file for instructions on how to run them and the
			source code for individual scripts for comments about what they do.</p>
			<p>Here are screenshots of the vizplotgui_tool.py script in action for
			different visualization package options. Click to see larger images:</p>
			<a data-lightbox="group-default"
			href="_images/screenshot_gl.jpg"
			class=""
			title=""
			data-title=""
			><img src="_images/screenshot_gl.jpg"
			class=""
			width="25%"
			height="auto"
			alt=""/>
			</a><a data-lightbox="group-default"
			href="_images/screenshot_atomeye.jpg"
			class=""
			title=""
			data-title=""
			><img src="_images/screenshot_atomeye.jpg"
			class=""
			width="25%"
			height="auto"
			alt=""/>
			</a><a data-lightbox="group-default"
			href="_images/screenshot_pymol.jpg"
			class=""
			title=""
			data-title=""
			><img src="_images/screenshot_pymol.jpg"
			class=""
			width="25%"
			height="auto"
			alt=""/>
			</a><a data-lightbox="group-default"
			href="_images/screenshot_vmd.jpg"
			class=""
			title=""
			data-title=""
			><img src="_images/screenshot_vmd.jpg"
			class=""
			width="25%"
			height="auto"
			alt=""/>
			</a></div>
			</div>


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