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			<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_intro.html">1. Introduction</a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="">2. Getting Started</a><ul>
			<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#what-s-in-the-lammps-distribution">2.1. What’s in the LAMMPS distribution</a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#making-lammps">2.2. Making LAMMPS</a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#making-lammps-with-optional-packages">2.3. Making LAMMPS with optional packages</a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#building-lammps-via-the-make-py-script">2.4. Building LAMMPS via the Make.py script</a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#building-lammps-as-a-library">2.5. Building LAMMPS as a library</a><ul>
			<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#static-library">2.5.1. <strong>Static library:</strong></a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#shared-library">2.5.2. <strong>Shared library:</strong></a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#additional-requirement-for-using-a-shared-library">2.5.3. <strong>Additional requirement for using a shared library:</strong></a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="#calling-the-lammps-library">2.5.4. <strong>Calling the LAMMPS library:</strong></a></li>
			</ul>
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			<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#running-lammps">2.6. Running LAMMPS</a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#command-line-options">2.7. Command-line options</a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#lammps-screen-output">2.8. LAMMPS screen output</a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#tips-for-users-of-previous-lammps-versions">2.9. Tips for users of previous LAMMPS versions</a></li>
			</ul>
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			<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_commands.html">3. Commands</a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_packages.html">4. Packages</a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_accelerate.html">5. Accelerating LAMMPS performance</a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_howto.html">6. How-to discussions</a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_example.html">7. Example problems</a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_perf.html">8. Performance & scalability</a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_tools.html">9. Additional tools</a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_modify.html">10. Modifying & extending LAMMPS</a></li>
			<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="Section_python.html">11. Python interface to LAMMPS</a></li>
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			<div class="section" id="getting-started">
			<h1>2. Getting Started<a class="headerlink" href="#getting-started" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
			<p>This section describes how to build and run LAMMPS, for both new and
			experienced users.</p>
			<div class="line-block">
			<div class="line">2.1 <a class="reference internal" href="#start-1"><span>What’s in the LAMMPS distribution</span></a></div>
			<div class="line">2.2 <a class="reference internal" href="#start-2"><span>Making LAMMPS</span></a></div>
			<div class="line">2.3 <a class="reference internal" href="#start-3"><span>Making LAMMPS with optional packages</span></a></div>
			<div class="line">2.4 <a class="reference internal" href="#start-4"><span>Building LAMMPS via the Make.py script</span></a></div>
			<div class="line">2.5 <a class="reference internal" href="#start-5"><span>Building LAMMPS as a library</span></a></div>
			<div class="line">2.6 <a class="reference internal" href="#start-6"><span>Running LAMMPS</span></a></div>
			<div class="line">2.7 <a class="reference internal" href="#start-7"><span>Command-line options</span></a></div>
			<div class="line">2.8 <a class="reference internal" href="#start-8"><span>Screen output</span></a></div>
			<div class="line">2.9 <a class="reference internal" href="#start-9"><span>Tips for users of previous versions</span></a></div>
			<div class="line"><br /></div>
			</div>
			<div class="section" id="what-s-in-the-lammps-distribution">
			<span id="start-1"></span><h2>2.1. What’s in the LAMMPS distribution<a class="headerlink" href="#what-s-in-the-lammps-distribution" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
			<p>When you download a LAMMPS tarball you will need to unzip and untar
			the downloaded file with the following commands, after placing the
			tarball in an appropriate directory.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>gunzip lammps*.tar.gz
			tar xvf lammps*.tar
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>This will create a LAMMPS directory containing two files and several
			sub-directories:</p>
			<table border="1" class="docutils">
			<colgroup>
			<col width="21%" />
			<col width="79%" />
			</colgroup>
			<tbody valign="top">
			<tr class="row-odd"><td>README</td>
			<td>text file</td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="row-even"><td>LICENSE</td>
			<td>the GNU General Public License (GPL)</td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="row-odd"><td>bench</td>
			<td>benchmark problems</td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="row-even"><td>doc</td>
			<td>documentation</td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="row-odd"><td>examples</td>
			<td>simple test problems</td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="row-even"><td>potentials</td>
			<td>embedded atom method (EAM) potential files</td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="row-odd"><td>src</td>
			<td>source files</td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="row-even"><td>tools</td>
			<td>pre- and post-processing tools</td>
			</tr>
			</tbody>
			</table>
			<p>Note that the <a class="reference external" href="download">download page</a> also has links to download
			Windows exectubles and installers, as well as pre-built executables
			for a few specific Linux distributions. It also has instructions for
			how to download/install LAMMPS for Macs (via Homebrew), and to
			download and update LAMMPS from SVN and Git repositories, which gives
			you the same files that are in the download tarball.</p>
			<p>The Windows and Linux executables for serial or parallel only include
			certain packages and bug-fixes/upgrades listed on <a class="reference external" href="http://lammps.sandia.gov/bug.html">this page</a> up to a certain date, as
			stated on the download page. If you want an executable with
			non-included packages or that is more current, then you’ll need to
			build LAMMPS yourself, as discussed in the next section.</p>
			<p>Skip to the <a class="reference internal" href="#start-6"><span>Running LAMMPS</span></a> sections for info on how to
			launch a LAMMPS Windows executable on a Windows box.</p>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			</div>
			<div class="section" id="making-lammps">
			<span id="start-2"></span><h2>2.2. Making LAMMPS<a class="headerlink" href="#making-lammps" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
			<p>This section has the following sub-sections:</p>
			<ul class="simple">
			<li><a class="reference internal" href="#start-2-1"><span>Read this first</span></a></li>
			<li><a class="reference internal" href="#start-2-2"><span>Steps to build a LAMMPS executable</span></a></li>
			<li><a class="reference internal" href="#start-2-3"><span>Common errors that can occur when making LAMMPS</span></a></li>
			<li><a class="reference internal" href="#start-2-4"><span>Additional build tips</span></a></li>
			<li><a class="reference internal" href="#start-2-5"><span>Building for a Mac</span></a></li>
			<li><a class="reference internal" href="#start-2-6"><span>Building for Windows</span></a></li>
			</ul>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			<p id="start-2-1"><strong>Read this first:</strong></p>
			<p>If you want to avoid building LAMMPS yourself, read the preceeding
			section about options available for downloading and installing
			executables. Details are discussed on the <a class="reference external" href="download">download</a> page.</p>
			<p>Building LAMMPS can be simple or not-so-simple. If all you need are
			the default packages installed in LAMMPS, and MPI is already installed
			on your machine, or you just want to run LAMMPS in serial, then you
			can typically use the Makefile.mpi or Makefile.serial files in
			src/MAKE by typing one of these lines (from the src dir):</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>make mpi
			make serial
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Note that on a facility supercomputer, there are often “modules”
			loaded in your environment that provide the compilers and MPI you
			should use. In this case, the “mpicxx” compile/link command in
			Makefile.mpi should just work by accessing those modules.</p>
			<p>It may be the case that one of the other Makefile.machine files in the
			src/MAKE sub-directories is a better match to your system (type “make”
			to see a list), you can use it as-is by typing (for example):</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>make stampede
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>If any of these builds (with an existing Makefile.machine) works on
			your system, then you’re done!</p>
			<p>If you want to do one of the following:</p>
			<ul class="simple">
			<li>use optional LAMMPS features that require additional libraries</li>
			<li>use optional packages that require additional libraries</li>
			<li>use optional accelerator packages that require special compiler/linker settings</li>
			<li>run on a specialized platform that has its own compilers, settings, or other libs to use</li>
			</ul>
			<p>then building LAMMPS is more complicated. You may need to find where
			auxiliary libraries exist on your machine or install them if they
			don’t. You may need to build additional libraries that are part of
			the LAMMPS package, before building LAMMPS. You may need to edit a
			Makefile.machine file to make it compatible with your system.</p>
			<p>Note that there is a Make.py tool in the src directory that automates
			several of these steps, but you still have to know what you are doing.
			<a class="reference internal" href="#start-4"><span>Section 2.4</span></a> below describes the tool. It is a convenient
			way to work with installing/un-installing various packages, the
			Makefile.machine changes required by some packages, and the auxiliary
			libraries some of them use.</p>
			<p>Please read the following sections carefully. If you are not
			comfortable with makefiles, or building codes on a Unix platform, or
			running an MPI job on your machine, please find a local expert to help
			you. Many compilation, linking, and run problems that users have are
			often not really LAMMPS issues - they are peculiar to the user’s
			system, compilers, libraries, etc. Such questions are better answered
			by a local expert.</p>
			<p>If you have a build problem that you are convinced is a LAMMPS issue
			(e.g. the compiler complains about a line of LAMMPS source code), then
			please post the issue to the <a class="reference external" href="http://lammps.sandia.gov/mail.html">LAMMPS mail list</a>.</p>
			<p>If you succeed in building LAMMPS on a new kind of machine, for which
			there isn’t a similar machine Makefile included in the
			src/MAKE/MACHINES directory, then send it to the developers and we can
			include it in the LAMMPS distribution.</p>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			<p id="start-2-2"><strong>Steps to build a LAMMPS executable:</strong></p>
			<p><strong>Step 0</strong></p>
			<p>The src directory contains the C++ source and header files for LAMMPS.
			It also contains a top-level Makefile and a MAKE sub-directory with
			low-level Makefile.* files for many systems and machines. See the
			src/MAKE/README file for a quick overview of what files are available
			and what sub-directories they are in.</p>
			<p>The src/MAKE dir has a few files that should work as-is on many
			platforms. The src/MAKE/OPTIONS dir has more that invoke additional
			compiler, MPI, and other setting options commonly used by LAMMPS, to
			illustrate their syntax. The src/MAKE/MACHINES dir has many more that
			have been tweaked or optimized for specific machines. These files are
			all good starting points if you find you need to change them for your
			machine. Put any file you edit into the src/MAKE/MINE directory and
			it will be never be touched by any LAMMPS updates.</p>
			<p>>From within the src directory, type “make” or “gmake”. You should see
			a list of available choices from src/MAKE and all of its
			sub-directories. If one of those has the options you want or is the
			machine you want, you can type a command like:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>make mpi
			or
			make serial_icc
			or
			gmake mac
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Note that the corresponding Makefile.machine can exist in src/MAKE or
			any of its sub-directories. If a file with the same name appears in
			multiple places (not a good idea), the order they are used is as
			follows: src/MAKE/MINE, src/MAKE, src/MAKE/OPTIONS, src/MAKE/MACHINES.
			This gives preference to a file you have created/edited and put in
			src/MAKE/MINE.</p>
			<p>Note that on a multi-processor or multi-core platform you can launch a
			parallel make, by using the “-j” switch with the make command, which
			will build LAMMPS more quickly.</p>
			<p>If you get no errors and an executable like lmp_mpi or lmp_g++_serial
			or lmp_mac is produced, then you’re done; it’s your lucky day.</p>
			<p>Note that by default only a few of LAMMPS optional packages are
			installed. To build LAMMPS with optional packages, see <a class="reference internal" href="#start-3"><span>this section</span></a> below.</p>
			<p><strong>Step 1</strong></p>
			<p>If Step 0 did not work, you will need to create a low-level Makefile
			for your machine, like Makefile.foo. You should make a copy of an
			existing Makefile.* in src/MAKE or one of its sub-directories as a
			starting point. The only portions of the file you need to edit are
			the first line, the “compiler/linker settings” section, and the
			“LAMMPS-specific settings” section. When it works, put the edited
			file in src/MAKE/MINE and it will not be altered by any future LAMMPS
			updates.</p>
			<p><strong>Step 2</strong></p>
			<p>Change the first line of Makefile.foo to list the word “foo” after the
			“#”, and whatever other options it will set. This is the line you
			will see if you just type “make”.</p>
			<p><strong>Step 3</strong></p>
			<p>The “compiler/linker settings” section lists compiler and linker
			settings for your C++ compiler, including optimization flags. You can
			use g++, the open-source GNU compiler, which is available on all Unix
			systems. You can also use mpicxx which will typically be available if
			MPI is installed on your system, though you should check which actual
			compiler it wraps. Vendor compilers often produce faster code. On
			boxes with Intel CPUs, we suggest using the Intel icc compiler, which
			can be downloaded from <a class="reference external" href="http://www.intel.com/software/products/noncom">Intel’s compiler site</a>.</p>
			<p>If building a C++ code on your machine requires additional libraries,
			then you should list them as part of the LIB variable. You should
			not need to do this if you use mpicxx.</p>
			<p>The DEPFLAGS setting is what triggers the C++ compiler to create a
			dependency list for a source file. This speeds re-compilation when
			source (<em>.cpp) or header (</em>.h) files are edited. Some compilers do
			not support dependency file creation, or may use a different switch
			than -D. GNU g++ and Intel icc works with -D. If your compiler can’t
			create dependency files, then you’ll need to create a Makefile.foo
			patterned after Makefile.storm, which uses different rules that do not
			involve dependency files. Note that when you build LAMMPS for the
			first time on a new platform, a long list of <a href="#id1"><span class="problematic" id="id2">*</span></a>.d files will be printed
			out rapidly. This is not an error; it is the Makefile doing its
			normal creation of dependencies.</p>
			<p><strong>Step 4</strong></p>
			<p>The “system-specific settings” section has several parts. Note that
			if you change any -D setting in this section, you should do a full
			re-compile, after typing “make clean” (which will describe different
			clean options).</p>
			<p>The LMP_INC variable is used to include options that turn on ifdefs
			within the LAMMPS code. The options that are currently recogized are:</p>
			<ul class="simple">
			<li>-DLAMMPS_GZIP</li>
			<li>-DLAMMPS_JPEG</li>
			<li>-DLAMMPS_PNG</li>
			<li>-DLAMMPS_FFMPEG</li>
			<li>-DLAMMPS_MEMALIGN</li>
			<li>-DLAMMPS_XDR</li>
			<li>-DLAMMPS_SMALLBIG</li>
			<li>-DLAMMPS_BIGBIG</li>
			<li>-DLAMMPS_SMALLSMALL</li>
			<li>-DLAMMPS_LONGLONG_TO_LONG</li>
			<li>-DPACK_ARRAY</li>
			<li>-DPACK_POINTER</li>
			<li>-DPACK_MEMCPY</li>
			</ul>
			<p>The read_data and dump commands will read/write gzipped files if you
			compile with -DLAMMPS_GZIP. It requires that your machine supports
			the “popen” function in the standard runtime library and that a gzip
			executable can be found by LAMMPS during a run.</p>
			<p>If you use -DLAMMPS_JPEG, the <a class="reference internal" href="dump_image.html"><em>dump image</em></a> command
			will be able to write out JPEG image files. For JPEG files, you must
			also link LAMMPS with a JPEG library, as described below. If you use
			-DLAMMPS_PNG, the <a class="reference internal" href="dump.html"><em>dump image</em></a> command will be able to write
			out PNG image files. For PNG files, you must also link LAMMPS with a
			PNG library, as described below. If neither of those two defines are
			used, LAMMPS will only be able to write out uncompressed PPM image
			files.</p>
			<p>If you use -DLAMMPS_FFMPEG, the <a class="reference internal" href="dump_image.html"><em>dump movie</em></a> command
			will be available to support on-the-fly generation of rendered movies
			the need to store intermediate image files. It requires that your
			machines supports the “popen” function in the standard runtime library
			and that an FFmpeg executable can be found by LAMMPS during the run.</p>
			<p>Using -DLAMMPS_MEMALIGN=<bytes> enables the use of the
			posix_memalign() call instead of malloc() when large chunks or memory
			are allocated by LAMMPS. This can help to make more efficient use of
			vector instructions of modern CPUS, since dynamically allocated memory
			has to be aligned on larger than default byte boundaries (e.g. 16
			bytes instead of 8 bytes on x86 type platforms) for optimal
			performance.</p>
			<p>If you use -DLAMMPS_XDR, the build will include XDR compatibility
			files for doing particle dumps in XTC format. This is only necessary
			if your platform does have its own XDR files available. See the
			Restrictions section of the <a class="reference internal" href="dump.html"><em>dump</em></a> command for details.</p>
			<p>Use at most one of the -DLAMMPS_SMALLBIG, -DLAMMPS_BIGBIG, -D-
			DLAMMPS_SMALLSMALL settings. The default is -DLAMMPS_SMALLBIG. These
			settings refer to use of 4-byte (small) vs 8-byte (big) integers
			within LAMMPS, as specified in src/lmptype.h. The only reason to use
			the BIGBIG setting is to enable simulation of huge molecular systems
			(which store bond topology info) with more than 2 billion atoms, or to
			track the image flags of moving atoms that wrap around a periodic box
			more than 512 times. Normally, the only reason to use SMALLSMALL is
			if your machine does not support 64-bit integers, though you can use
			SMALLSMALL setting if you are running in serial or on a desktop
			machine or small cluster where you will never run large systems or for
			long time (more than 2 billion atoms, more than 2 billion timesteps).
			See the <a class="reference internal" href="#start-2-4"><span>Additional build tips</span></a> section below for more
			details on these settings.</p>
			<p>Note that two packages, USER-ATC and USER-CUDA are not currently
			compatible with -DLAMMPS_BIGBIG. Also the GPU package requires the
			lib/gpu library to be compiled with the same setting, or the link will
			fail.</p>
			<p>The -DLAMMPS_LONGLONG_TO_LONG setting may be needed if your system or
			MPI version does not recognize “long long” data types. In this case a
			“long” data type is likely already 64-bits, in which case this setting
			will convert to that data type.</p>
			<p>Using one of the -DPACK_ARRAY, -DPACK_POINTER, and -DPACK_MEMCPY
			options can make for faster parallel FFTs (in the PPPM solver) on some
			platforms. The -DPACK_ARRAY setting is the default. See the
			<a class="reference internal" href="kspace_style.html"><em>kspace_style</em></a> command for info about PPPM. See
			Step 6 below for info about building LAMMPS with an FFT library.</p>
			<p><strong>Step 5</strong></p>
			<p>The 3 MPI variables are used to specify an MPI library to build LAMMPS
			with. Note that you do not need to set these if you use the MPI
			compiler mpicxx for your CC and LINK setting in the section above.
			The MPI wrapper knows where to find the needed files.</p>
			<p>If you want LAMMPS to run in parallel, you must have an MPI library
			installed on your platform. If MPI is installed on your system in the
			usual place (under /usr/local), you also may not need to specify these
			3 variables, assuming /usr/local is in your path. On some large
			parallel machines which use “modules” for their compile/link
			environements, you may simply need to include the correct module in
			your build environment, before building LAMMPS. Or the parallel
			machine may have a vendor-provided MPI which the compiler has no
			trouble finding.</p>
			<p>Failing this, these 3 variables can be used to specify where the mpi.h
			file (MPI_INC) and the MPI library file (MPI_PATH) are found and the
			name of the library file (MPI_LIB).</p>
			<p>If you are installing MPI yourself, we recommend Argonne’s MPICH2
			or OpenMPI. MPICH can be downloaded from the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/research/projects/mpich2/">Argonne MPI site</a>. OpenMPI can
			be downloaded from the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.open-mpi.org">OpenMPI site</a>.
			Other MPI packages should also work. If you are running on a big
			parallel platform, your system people or the vendor should have
			already installed a version of MPI, which is likely to be faster
			than a self-installed MPICH or OpenMPI, so find out how to build
			and link with it. If you use MPICH or OpenMPI, you will have to
			configure and build it for your platform. The MPI configure script
			should have compiler options to enable you to use the same compiler
			you are using for the LAMMPS build, which can avoid problems that can
			arise when linking LAMMPS to the MPI library.</p>
			<p>If you just want to run LAMMPS on a single processor, you can use the
			dummy MPI library provided in src/STUBS, since you don’t need a true
			MPI library installed on your system. See src/MAKE/Makefile.serial
			for how to specify the 3 MPI variables in this case. You will also
			need to build the STUBS library for your platform before making LAMMPS
			itself. Note that if you are building with src/MAKE/Makefile.serial,
			e.g. by typing “make serial”, then the STUBS library is built for you.</p>
			<p>To build the STUBS library from the src directory, type “make
			mpi-stubs”, or from the src/STUBS dir, type “make”. This should
			create a libmpi_stubs.a file suitable for linking to LAMMPS. If the
			build fails, you will need to edit the STUBS/Makefile for your
			platform.</p>
			<p>The file STUBS/mpi.c provides a CPU timer function called MPI_Wtime()
			that calls gettimeofday() . If your system doesn’t support
			gettimeofday() , you’ll need to insert code to call another timer.
			Note that the ANSI-standard function clock() rolls over after an hour
			or so, and is therefore insufficient for timing long LAMMPS
			simulations.</p>
			<p><strong>Step 6</strong></p>
			<p>The 3 FFT variables allow you to specify an FFT library which LAMMPS
			uses (for performing 1d FFTs) when running the particle-particle
			particle-mesh (PPPM) option for long-range Coulombics via the
			<a class="reference internal" href="kspace_style.html"><em>kspace_style</em></a> command.</p>
			<p>LAMMPS supports various open-source or vendor-supplied FFT libraries
			for this purpose. If you leave these 3 variables blank, LAMMPS will
			use the open-source <a class="reference external" href="http://kissfft.sf.net">KISS FFT library</a>, which is
			included in the LAMMPS distribution. This library is portable to all
			platforms and for typical LAMMPS simulations is almost as fast as FFTW
			or vendor optimized libraries. If you are not including the KSPACE
			package in your build, you can also leave the 3 variables blank.</p>
			<p>Otherwise, select which kinds of FFTs to use as part of the FFT_INC
			setting by a switch of the form -DFFT_XXX. Recommended values for XXX
			are: MKL, SCSL, FFTW2, and FFTW3. Legacy options are: INTEL, SGI,
			ACML, and T3E. For backward compatability, using -DFFT_FFTW will use
			the FFTW2 library. Using -DFFT_NONE will use the KISS library
			described above.</p>
			<p>You may also need to set the FFT_INC, FFT_PATH, and FFT_LIB variables,
			so the compiler and linker can find the needed FFT header and library
			files. Note that on some large parallel machines which use “modules”
			for their compile/link environements, you may simply need to include
			the correct module in your build environment. Or the parallel machine
			may have a vendor-provided FFT library which the compiler has no
			trouble finding.</p>
			<p>FFTW is a fast, portable library that should also work on any
			platform. You can download it from
			<a class="reference external" href="http://www.fftw.org">www.fftw.org</a>. Both the legacy version 2.1.X and
			the newer 3.X versions are supported as -DFFT_FFTW2 or -DFFT_FFTW3.
			Building FFTW for your box should be as simple as ./configure; make.
			Note that on some platforms FFTW2 has been pre-installed, and uses
			renamed files indicating the precision it was compiled with,
			e.g. sfftw.h, or dfftw.h instead of fftw.h. In this case, you can
			specify an additional define variable for FFT_INC called -DFFTW_SIZE,
			which will select the correct include file. In this case, for FFT_LIB
			you must also manually specify the correct library, namely -lsfftw or
			-ldfftw.</p>
			<p>The FFT_INC variable also allows for a -DFFT_SINGLE setting that will
			use single-precision FFTs with PPPM, which can speed-up long-range
			calulations, particularly in parallel or on GPUs. Fourier transform
			and related PPPM operations are somewhat insensitive to floating point
			truncation errors and thus do not always need to be performed in
			double precision. Using the -DFFT_SINGLE setting trades off a little
			accuracy for reduced memory use and parallel communication costs for
			transposing 3d FFT data. Note that single precision FFTs have only
			been tested with the FFTW3, FFTW2, MKL, and KISS FFT options.</p>
			<p><strong>Step 7</strong></p>
			<p>The 3 JPG variables allow you to specify a JPEG and/or PNG library
			which LAMMPS uses when writing out JPEG or PNG files via the <a class="reference internal" href="dump_image.html"><em>dump image</em></a> command. These can be left blank if you do not
			use the -DLAMMPS_JPEG or -DLAMMPS_PNG switches discussed above in Step
			4, since in that case JPEG/PNG output will be disabled.</p>
			<p>A standard JPEG library usually goes by the name libjpeg.a or
			libjpeg.so and has an associated header file jpeglib.h. Whichever
			JPEG library you have on your platform, you’ll need to set the
			appropriate JPG_INC, JPG_PATH, and JPG_LIB variables, so that the
			compiler and linker can find it.</p>
			<p>A standard PNG library usually goes by the name libpng.a or libpng.so
			and has an associated header file png.h. Whichever PNG library you
			have on your platform, you’ll need to set the appropriate JPG_INC,
			JPG_PATH, and JPG_LIB variables, so that the compiler and linker can
			find it.</p>
			<p>As before, if these header and library files are in the usual place on
			your machine, you may not need to set these variables.</p>
			<p><strong>Step 8</strong></p>
			<p>Note that by default only a few of LAMMPS optional packages are
			installed. To build LAMMPS with optional packages, see <a class="reference internal" href="#start-3"><span>this section</span></a> below, before proceeding to Step 9.</p>
			<p><strong>Step 9</strong></p>
			<p>That’s it. Once you have a correct Makefile.foo, and you have
			pre-built any other needed libraries (e.g. MPI, FFT, etc) all you need
			to do from the src directory is type something like this:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>make foo
			or
			gmake foo
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>You should get the executable lmp_foo when the build is complete.</p>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			<p id="start-2-3"><strong>Errors that can occur when making LAMMPS:</strong></p>
			<div class="admonition warning">
			<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
			<p class="last">If an error occurs when building LAMMPS, the compiler
			or linker will state very explicitly what the problem is. The error
			message should give you a hint as to which of the steps above has
			failed, and what you need to do in order to fix it. Building a code
			with a Makefile is a very logical process. The compiler and linker
			need to find the appropriate files and those files need to be
			compatible with LAMMPS source files. When a make fails, there is
			usually a very simple reason, which you or a local expert will need to
			fix.</p>
			</div>
			<p>Here are two non-obvious errors that can occur:</p>
			<p>(1) If the make command breaks immediately with errors that indicate
			it can’t find files with a “*” in their names, this can be because
			your machine’s native make doesn’t support wildcard expansion in a
			makefile. Try gmake instead of make. If that doesn’t work, try using
			a -f switch with your make command to use a pre-generated
			Makefile.list which explicitly lists all the needed files, e.g.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>make makelist
			make -f Makefile.list linux
			gmake -f Makefile.list mac
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>The first “make” command will create a current Makefile.list with all
			the file names in your src dir. The 2nd “make” command (make or
			gmake) will use it to build LAMMPS. Note that you should
			include/exclude any desired optional packages before using the “make
			makelist” command.</p>
			<p>(2) If you get an error that says something like ‘identifier “atoll”
			is undefined’, then your machine does not support “long long”
			integers. Try using the -DLAMMPS_LONGLONG_TO_LONG setting described
			above in Step 4.</p>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			<p id="start-2-4"><strong>Additional build tips:</strong></p>
			<ol class="arabic simple">
			<li>Building LAMMPS for multiple platforms.</li>
			</ol>
			<p>You can make LAMMPS for multiple platforms from the same src
			directory. Each target creates its own object sub-directory called
			Obj_target where it stores the system-specific <a href="#id3"><span class="problematic" id="id4">*</span></a>.o files.</p>
			<ol class="arabic simple" start="2">
			<li>Cleaning up.</li>
			</ol>
			<p>Typing “make clean-all” or “make clean-machine” will delete <a href="#id5"><span class="problematic" id="id6">*</span></a>.o object
			files created when LAMMPS is built, for either all builds or for a
			particular machine.</p>
			<p>(3) Changing the LAMMPS size limits via -DLAMMPS_SMALLBIG or
			-DLAMMPS_BIGBIG or -DLAMMPS_SMALLSMALL</p>
			<p>As explained above, any of these 3 settings can be specified on the
			LMP_INC line in your low-level src/MAKE/Makefile.foo.</p>
			<p>The default is -DLAMMPS_SMALLBIG which allows for systems with up to
			2^63 atoms and 2^63 timesteps (about 9e18). The atom limit is for
			atomic systems which do not store bond topology info and thus do not
			require atom IDs. If you use atom IDs for atomic systems (which is
			the default) or if you use a molecular model, which stores bond
			topology info and thus requires atom IDs, the limit is 2^31 atoms
			(about 2 billion). This is because the IDs are stored in 32-bit
			integers.</p>
			<p>Likewise, with this setting, the 3 image flags for each atom (see the
			<a class="reference internal" href="dump.html"><em>dump</em></a> doc page for a discussion) are stored in a 32-bit
			integer, which means the atoms can only wrap around a periodic box (in
			each dimension) at most 512 times. If atoms move through the periodic
			box more than this many times, the image flags will “roll over”,
			e.g. from 511 to -512, which can cause diagnostics like the
			mean-squared displacement, as calculated by the <a class="reference internal" href="compute_msd.html"><em>compute msd</em></a> command, to be faulty.</p>
			<p>To allow for larger atomic systems with atom IDs or larger molecular
			systems or larger image flags, compile with -DLAMMPS_BIGBIG. This
			stores atom IDs and image flags in 64-bit integers. This enables
			atomic or molecular systems with atom IDS of up to 2^63 atoms (about
			9e18). And image flags will not “roll over” until they reach 2^20 =
			1048576.</p>
			<p>If your system does not support 8-byte integers, you will need to
			compile with the -DLAMMPS_SMALLSMALL setting. This will restrict the
			total number of atoms (for atomic or molecular systems) and timesteps
			to 2^31 (about 2 billion). Image flags will roll over at 2^9 = 512.</p>
			<p>Note that in src/lmptype.h there are definitions of all these data
			types as well as the MPI data types associated with them. The MPI
			types need to be consistent with the associated C data types, or else
			LAMMPS will generate a run-time error. As far as we know, the
			settings defined in src/lmptype.h are portable and work on every
			current system.</p>
			<p>In all cases, the size of problem that can be run on a per-processor
			basis is limited by 4-byte integer storage to 2^31 atoms per processor
			(about 2 billion). This should not normally be a limitation since such
			a problem would have a huge per-processor memory footprint due to
			neighbor lists and would run very slowly in terms of CPU secs/timestep.</p>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			<p id="start-2-5"><strong>Building for a Mac:</strong></p>
			<p>OS X is BSD Unix, so it should just work. See the
			src/MAKE/MACHINES/Makefile.mac and Makefile.mac_mpi files.</p>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			<p id="start-2-6"><strong>Building for Windows:</strong></p>
			<p>The LAMMPS download page has an option to download both a serial and
			parallel pre-built Windows executable. See the <a class="reference internal" href="#start-6"><span>Running LAMMPS</span></a> section for instructions on running these executables
			on a Windows box.</p>
			<p>The pre-built executables hosted on the <a class="reference external" href="http://lammps.sandia.gov/download.html">LAMMPS download page</a> are built with a subset
			of the available packages; see the download page for the list. These
			are single executable files. No examples or documentation in
			included. You will need to download the full source code package to
			obtain those.</p>
			<p>As an alternative, you can download “daily builds” (and some older
			versions) of the installer packages from
			<a class="reference external" href="http://rpm.lammps.org/windows.html">rpm.lammps.org/windows.html</a>.
			These executables are built with most optional packages and the
			download includes documentation, some tools and most examples.</p>
			<p>If you want a Windows version with specific packages included and
			excluded, you can build it yourself.</p>
			<p>One way to do this is install and use cygwin to build LAMMPS with a
			standard unix style make program, just as you would on a Linux box;
			see src/MAKE/MACHINES/Makefile.cygwin.</p>
			<p>The other way to do this is using Visual Studio and project files.
			See the src/WINDOWS directory and its README.txt file for instructions
			on both a basic build and a customized build with pacakges you select.</p>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			</div>
			<div class="section" id="making-lammps-with-optional-packages">
			<span id="start-3"></span><h2>2.3. Making LAMMPS with optional packages<a class="headerlink" href="#making-lammps-with-optional-packages" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
			<p>This section has the following sub-sections:</p>
			<ul class="simple">
			<li><a class="reference internal" href="#start-3-1"><span>Package basics</span></a></li>
			<li><a class="reference internal" href="#start-3-2"><span>Including/excluding packages</span></a></li>
			<li><a class="reference internal" href="#start-3-3"><span>Packages that require extra libraries</span></a></li>
			<li><a class="reference internal" href="#start-3-4"><span>Packages that require Makefile.machine settings</span></a></li>
			</ul>
			<p>Note that the following <a class="reference internal" href="#start-4"><span>Section 2.4</span></a> describes the Make.py
			tool which can be used to install/un-install packages and build the
			auxiliary libraries which some of them use. It can also auto-edit a
			Makefile.machine to add settings needed by some packages.</p>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			<p id="start-3-1"><strong>Package basics:</strong></p>
			<p>The source code for LAMMPS is structured as a set of core files which
			are always included, plus optional packages. Packages are groups of
			files that enable a specific set of features. For example, force
			fields for molecular systems or granular systems are in packages.</p>
			<p>You can see the list of all packages by typing “make package” from
			within the src directory of the LAMMPS distribution. This also lists
			various make commands that can be used to manipulate packages.</p>
			<p>If you use a command in a LAMMPS input script that is specific to a
			particular package, you must have built LAMMPS with that package, else
			you will get an error that the style is invalid or the command is
			unknown. Every command’s doc page specfies if it is part of a
			package. You can also type</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">lmp_machine</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">h</span>
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>to run your executable with the optional <a class="reference internal" href="#start-7"><span>-h command-line switch</span></a> for “help”, which will list the styles and commands
			known to your executable.</p>
			<p>There are two kinds of packages in LAMMPS, standard and user packages.
			More information about the contents of standard and user packages is
			given in <a class="reference internal" href="Section_packages.html"><em>Section_packages</em></a> of the manual. The
			difference between standard and user packages is as follows:</p>
			<p>Standard packages are supported by the LAMMPS developers and are
			written in a syntax and style consistent with the rest of LAMMPS.
			This means we will answer questions about them, debug and fix them if
			necessary, and keep them compatible with future changes to LAMMPS.</p>
			<p>User packages have been contributed by users, and always begin with
			the user prefix. If they are a single command (single file), they are
			typically in the user-misc package. Otherwise, they are a a set of
			files grouped together which add a specific functionality to the code.</p>
			<p>User packages don’t necessarily meet the requirements of the standard
			packages. If you have problems using a feature provided in a user
			package, you will likely need to contact the contributor directly to
			get help. Information on how to submit additions you make to LAMMPS
			as a user-contributed package is given in <a class="reference internal" href="Section_modify.html#mod-15"><span>this section</span></a> of the documentation.</p>
			<p>Some packages (both standard and user) require additional libraries.
			See more details below.</p>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			<p id="start-3-2"><strong>Including/excluding packages:</strong></p>
			<p>To use or not use a package you must include or exclude it before
			building LAMMPS. From the src directory, this is typically as simple
			as:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>make yes-colloid
			make g++
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>or</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>make no-manybody
			make g++
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<div class="admonition warning">
			<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
			<p class="last">You should NOT include/exclude packages and build
			LAMMPS in a single make command by using multiple targets, e.g. make
			yes-colloid g++. This is because the make procedure creates a list of
			source files that will be out-of-date for the build if the package
			configuration changes during the same command.</p>
			</div>
			<p>Some packages have individual files that depend on other packages
			being included. LAMMPS checks for this and does the right thing.
			I.e. individual files are only included if their dependencies are
			already included. Likewise, if a package is excluded, other files
			dependent on that package are also excluded.</p>
			<p>If you will never run simulations that use the features in a
			particular packages, there is no reason to include it in your build.
			For some packages, this will keep you from having to build auxiliary
			libraries (see below), and will also produce a smaller executable
			which may run a bit faster.</p>
			<p>When you download a LAMMPS tarball, these packages are pre-installed
			in the src directory: KSPACE, MANYBODY,MOLECULE. When you download
			LAMMPS source files from the SVN or Git repositories, no packages are
			pre-installed.</p>
			<p>Packages are included or excluded by typing “make yes-name” or “make
			no-name”, where “name” is the name of the package in lower-case, e.g.
			name = kspace for the KSPACE package or name = user-atc for the
			USER-ATC package. You can also type “make yes-standard”, “make
			no-standard”, “make yes-std”, “make no-std”, “make yes-user”, “make
			no-user”, “make yes-all” or “make no-all” to include/exclude various
			sets of packages. Type “make package” to see the all of the
			package-related make options.</p>
			<div class="admonition warning">
			<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
			<p class="last">Inclusion/exclusion of a package works by simply
			moving files back and forth between the main src directory and
			sub-directories with the package name (e.g. src/KSPACE, src/USER-ATC),
			so that the files are seen or not seen when LAMMPS is built. After
			you have included or excluded a package, you must re-build LAMMPS.</p>
			</div>
			<p>Additional package-related make options exist to help manage LAMMPS
			files that exist in both the src directory and in package
			sub-directories. You do not normally need to use these commands
			unless you are editing LAMMPS files or have downloaded a patch from
			the LAMMPS WWW site.</p>
			<p>Typing “make package-update” or “make pu” will overwrite src files
			with files from the package sub-directories if the package has been
			included. It should be used after a patch is installed, since patches
			only update the files in the package sub-directory, but not the src
			files. Typing “make package-overwrite” will overwrite files in the
			package sub-directories with src files.</p>
			<p>Typing “make package-status” or “make ps” will show which packages are
			currently included. Of those that are included, it will list files
			that are different in the src directory and package sub-directory.
			Typing “make package-diff” lists all differences between these files.
			Again, type “make package” to see all of the package-related make
			options.</p>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			<p id="start-3-3"><strong>Packages that require extra libraries:</strong></p>
			<p>A few of the standard and user packages require additional auxiliary
			libraries. Most of them are provided with LAMMPS, in which case they
			must be compiled first, before LAMMPS is built if you wish to include
			that package. If you get a LAMMPS build error about a missing
			library, this is likely the reason. See the
			<a class="reference internal" href="Section_packages.html"><em>Section_packages</em></a> doc page for a list of
			packages that have these kinds of auxiliary libraries.</p>
			<p>The lib directory in the distribution has sub-directories with package
			names that correspond to the needed auxiliary libs, e.g. lib/reax.
			Each sub-directory has a README file that gives more details. Code
			for most of the auxiliary libraries is included in that directory.
			Examples are the USER-ATC and MEAM packages.</p>
			<p>A few of the lib sub-directories do not include code, but do include
			instructions and sometimes scripts that automate the process of
			downloading the auxiliary library and installing it so LAMMPS can link
			to it. Examples are the KIM and VORONOI and USER-MOLFILE packages.</p>
			<p>The lib/python directory (for the PYTHON package) contains only a
			choice of Makefile.lammps.* files. This is because no auxiliary code
			or libraries are needed, only the Python library and other system libs
			that already available on your system. However, the Makefile.lammps
			file is needed to tell the LAMMPS build which libs to use and where to
			find them.</p>
			<p>For libraries with provided code, the sub-directory README file
			(e.g. lib/reax/README) has instructions on how to build that library.
			Typically this is done by typing something like:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>make -f Makefile.g++
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>If one of the provided Makefiles is not appropriate for your system
			you will need to edit or add one. Note that all the Makefiles have a
			setting for EXTRAMAKE at the top that specifies a Makefile.lammps.*
			file.</p>
			<p>If the library build is successful, it will produce 2 files in the lib
			directory:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">libpackage</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">a</span>
			<span class="n">Makefile</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lammps</span>
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>The Makefile.lammps file will be a copy of the EXTRAMAKE file setting
			specified in the library Makefile.* you used.</p>
			<p>Note that you must insure that the settings in Makefile.lammps are
			appropriate for your system. If they are not, the LAMMPS build will
			fail.</p>
			<p>As explained in the lib/package/README files, the settings in
			Makefile.lammps are used to specify additional system libraries and
			their locations so that LAMMPS can build with the auxiliary library.
			For example, if the MEAM or REAX packages are used, the auxiliary
			libraries consist of F90 code, built with a Fortran complier. To link
			that library with LAMMPS (a C++ code) via whatever C++ compiler LAMMPS
			is built with, typically requires additional Fortran-to-C libraries be
			included in the link. Another example are the BLAS and LAPACK
			libraries needed to use the USER-ATC or USER-AWPMD packages.</p>
			<p>For libraries without provided code, the sub-directory README file has
			information on where to download the library and how to build it,
			e.g. lib/voronoi/README. The README files also describe how you must
			either (a) create soft links, via the “ln” command, in those
			directories to point to where you built or installed the packages,
			or (b) check or edit the Makefile.lammps file in the same directory
			to provide that information.</p>
			<p>Some of the sub-directories, e.g. lib/voronoi, also have an install.py
			script which can be used to automate the process of
			downloading/building/installing the auxiliary library, and setting the
			needed soft links. Type “python install.py” for further instructions.</p>
			<p>As with the sub-directories containing library code, if the soft links
			or settings in the lib/package/Makefile.lammps files are not correct,
			the LAMMPS build will typically fail.</p>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			<p id="start-3-4"><strong>Packages that require Makefile.machine settings</strong></p>
			<p>A few packages require specific settings in Makefile.machine, to
			either build or use the package effectively. These are the
			USER-INTEL, KOKKOS, USER-OMP, and OPT packages. The details of what
			flags to add or what variables to define are given on the doc pages
			that describe each of these accelerator packages in detail:</p>
			<ul class="simple">
			<li><a class="reference internal" href="accelerate_intel.html"><em>USER-INTEL package</em></a></li>
			<li><a class="reference internal" href="accelerate_kokkos.html"><em>KOKKOS package</em></a></li>
			<li><a class="reference internal" href="accelerate_omp.html"><em>USER-OMP package</em></a></li>
			<li><a class="reference internal" href="accelerate_opt.html"><em>OPT package</em></a></li>
			</ul>
			<p>Here is a brief summary of what Makefile.machine changes are needed.
			Note that the Make.py tool, described in the next <a class="reference internal" href="#start-4"><span>Section 2.4</span></a> can automatically add the needed info to an existing
			machine Makefile, using simple command-line arguments.</p>
			<p>In src/MAKE/OPTIONS see the following Makefiles for examples of the
			changes described below:</p>
			<ul class="simple">
			<li>Makefile.intel_cpu</li>
			<li>Makefile.intel_phi</li>
			<li>Makefile.kokkos_omp</li>
			<li>Makefile.kokkos_cuda</li>
			<li>Makefile.kokkos_phi</li>
			<li>Makefile.omp</li>
			</ul>
			<p>For the USER-INTEL package, you have 2 choices when building. You can
			build with CPU or Phi support. The latter uses Xeon Phi chips in
			“offload” mode. Each of these modes requires additional settings in
			your Makefile.machine for CCFLAGS and LINKFLAGS.</p>
			<p>For CPU mode (if using an Intel compiler):</p>
			<ul class="simple">
			<li>CCFLAGS: add -fopenmp, -DLAMMPS_MEMALIGN=64, -restrict, -xHost, -fno-alias, -ansi-alias, -override-limits</li>
			<li>LINKFLAGS: add -fopenmp</li>
			</ul>
			<p>For Phi mode add the following in addition to the CPU mode flags:</p>
			<ul class="simple">
			<li>CCFLAGS: add -DLMP_INTEL_OFFLOAD and</li>
			<li>LINKFLAGS: add -offload</li>
			</ul>
			<p>And also add this to CCFLAGS:</p>
			<pre class="literal-block">
			-offload-option,mic,compiler,"-fp-model fast=2 -mGLOB_default_function_attrs="gather_scatter_loop_unroll=4""
			</pre>
			<p>For the KOKKOS package, you have 3 choices when building. You can
			build with OMP or Cuda or Phi support. Phi support uses Xeon Phi
			chips in “native” mode. This can be done by setting the following
			variables in your Makefile.machine:</p>
			<ul class="simple">
			<li>for OMP support, set OMP = yes</li>
			<li>for Cuda support, set OMP = yes and CUDA = yes</li>
			<li>for Phi support, set OMP = yes and MIC = yes</li>
			</ul>
			<p>These can also be set as additional arguments to the make command, e.g.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>make g++ OMP=yes MIC=yes
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Building the KOKKOS package with CUDA support requires a Makefile
			machine that uses the NVIDIA “nvcc” compiler, as well as an
			appropriate “arch” setting appropriate to the GPU hardware and NVIDIA
			software you have on your machine. See
			src/MAKE/OPTIONS/Makefile.kokkos_cuda for an example of such a machine
			Makefile.</p>
			<p>For the USER-OMP package, your Makefile.machine needs additional
			settings for CCFLAGS and LINKFLAGS.</p>
			<ul class="simple">
			<li>CCFLAGS: add -fopenmp and -restrict</li>
			<li>LINKFLAGS: add -fopenmp</li>
			</ul>
			<p>For the OPT package, your Makefile.machine needs an additional
			settings for CCFLAGS.</p>
			<ul class="simple">
			<li>CCFLAGS: add -restrict</li>
			</ul>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			</div>
			<div class="section" id="building-lammps-via-the-make-py-script">
			<span id="start-4"></span><h2>2.4. Building LAMMPS via the Make.py script<a class="headerlink" href="#building-lammps-via-the-make-py-script" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
			<p>The src directory includes a Make.py script, written in Python, which
			can be used to automate various steps of the build process. It is
			particularly useful for working with the accelerator packages, as well
			as other packages which require auxiliary libraries to be built.</p>
			<p>The goal of the Make.py tool is to allow any complex multi-step LAMMPS
			build to be performed as a single Make.py command. And you can
			archive the commands, so they can be re-invoked later via the -r
			(redo) switch. If you find some LAMMPS build procedure that can’t be
			done in a single Make.py command, let the developers know, and we’ll
			see if we can augment the tool.</p>
			<p>You can run Make.py from the src directory by typing either:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>Make.py -h
			python Make.py -h
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>which will give you help info about the tool. For the former to work,
			you may need to edit the first line of Make.py to point to your local
			Python. And you may need to insure the script is executable:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>chmod +x Make.py
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Here are examples of build tasks you can perform with Make.py:</p>
			<table border="1" class="docutils">
			<colgroup>
			<col width="58%" />
			<col width="42%" />
			</colgroup>
			<tbody valign="top">
			<tr class="row-odd"><td>Install/uninstall packages</td>
			<td>Make.py -p no-lib kokkos omp intel</td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="row-even"><td>Build specific auxiliary libs</td>
			<td>Make.py -a lib-atc lib-meam</td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="row-odd"><td>Build libs for all installed packages</td>
			<td>Make.py -p cuda gpu -gpu mode=double arch=31 -a lib-all</td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="row-even"><td>Create a Makefile from scratch with compiler and MPI settings</td>
			<td>Make.py -m none -cc g++ -mpi mpich -a file</td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="row-odd"><td>Augment Makefile.serial with settings for installed packages</td>
			<td>Make.py -p intel -intel cpu -m serial -a file</td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="row-even"><td>Add JPG and FFTW support to Makefile.mpi</td>
			<td>Make.py -m mpi -jpg -fft fftw -a file</td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="row-odd"><td>Build LAMMPS with a parallel make using Makefile.mpi</td>
			<td>Make.py -j 16 -m mpi -a exe</td>
			</tr>
			<tr class="row-even"><td>Build LAMMPS and libs it needs using Makefile.serial with accelerator settings</td>
			<td>Make.py -p gpu intel -intel cpu -a lib-all file serial</td>
			</tr>
			</tbody>
			</table>
			<p>The bench and examples directories give Make.py commands that can be
			used to build LAMMPS with the various packages and options needed to
			run all the benchmark and example input scripts. See these files for
			more details:</p>
			<ul class="simple">
			<li>bench/README</li>
			<li>bench/FERMI/README</li>
			<li>bench/KEPLER/README</li>
			<li>bench/PHI/README</li>
			<li>examples/README</li>
			<li>examples/accelerate/README</li>
			<li>examples/accelerate/make.list</li>
			</ul>
			<p>All of the Make.py options and syntax help can be accessed by using
			the “-h” switch.</p>
			<p>E.g. typing “Make.py -h” gives</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>Syntax: Make.py switch args ...
			switches can be listed in any order
			help switch:
			-h prints help and syntax for all other specified switches
			switch for actions:
			-a lib-all, lib-dir, clean, file, exe or machine
			list one or more actions, in any order
			machine is a Makefile.machine suffix, must be last if used
			one-letter switches:
			-d (dir), -j (jmake), -m (makefile), -o (output),
			-p (packages), -r (redo), -s (settings), -v (verbose)
			switches for libs:
			-atc, -awpmd, -colvars, -cuda
			-gpu, -meam, -poems, -qmmm, -reax
			switches for build and makefile options:
			-intel, -kokkos, -cc, -mpi, -fft, -jpg, -png
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Using the “-h” switch with other switches and actions gives additional
			info on all the other specified switches or actions. The “-h” can be
			anywhere in the command-line and the other switches do not need their
			arguments. E.g. type “Make.py -h -d -atc -intel” will print:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>-d dir
			dir = LAMMPS home dir
			if -d not specified, working dir must be lammps/src
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>-atc make=suffix lammps=suffix2
			all args are optional and can be in any order
			make = use Makefile.suffix (def = g++)
			lammps = use Makefile.lammps.suffix2 (def = EXTRAMAKE in makefile)
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>-intel mode
			mode = cpu or phi (def = cpu)
			build Intel package for CPU or Xeon Phi
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Note that Make.py never overwrites an existing Makefile.machine.
			Instead, it creates src/MAKE/MINE/Makefile.auto, which you can save or
			rename if desired. Likewise it creates an executable named
			src/lmp_auto, which you can rename using the -o switch if desired.</p>
			<p>The most recently executed Make.py commmand is saved in
			src/Make.py.last. You can use the “-r” switch (for redo) to re-invoke
			the last command, or you can save a sequence of one or more Make.py
			commands to a file and invoke the file of commands using “-r”. You
			can also label the commands in the file and invoke one or more of them
			by name.</p>
			<p>A typical use of Make.py is to start with a valid Makefile.machine for
			your system, that works for a vanilla LAMMPS build, i.e. when optional
			packages are not installed. You can then use Make.py to add various
			settings (FFT, JPG, PNG) to the Makefile.machine as well as change its
			compiler and MPI options. You can also add additional packages to the
			build, as well as build the needed supporting libraries.</p>
			<p>You can also use Make.py to create a new Makefile.machine from
			scratch, using the “-m none” switch, if you also specify what compiler
			and MPI options to use, via the “-cc” and “-mpi” switches.</p>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			</div>
			<div class="section" id="building-lammps-as-a-library">
			<span id="start-5"></span><h2>2.5. Building LAMMPS as a library<a class="headerlink" href="#building-lammps-as-a-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
			<p>LAMMPS can be built as either a static or shared library, which can
			then be called from another application or a scripting language. See
			<a class="reference internal" href="Section_howto.html#howto-10"><span>this section</span></a> for more info on coupling
			LAMMPS to other codes. See <a class="reference internal" href="Section_python.html"><em>this section</em></a> for
			more info on wrapping and running LAMMPS from Python.</p>
			<div class="section" id="static-library">
			<h3>2.5.1. <strong>Static library:</strong><a class="headerlink" href="#static-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
			<p>To build LAMMPS as a static library (<a href="#id7"><span class="problematic" id="id8">*</span></a>.a file on Linux), type</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>make foo mode=lib
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>where foo is the machine name. This kind of library is typically used
			to statically link a driver application to LAMMPS, so that you can
			insure all dependencies are satisfied at compile time. This will use
			the ARCHIVE and ARFLAGS settings in src/MAKE/Makefile.foo. The build
			will create the file liblammps_foo.a which another application can
			link to. It will also create a soft link liblammps.a, which will
			point to the most recently built static library.</p>
			</div>
			<div class="section" id="shared-library">
			<h3>2.5.2. <strong>Shared library:</strong><a class="headerlink" href="#shared-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
			<p>To build LAMMPS as a shared library (<a href="#id9"><span class="problematic" id="id10">*</span></a>.so file on Linux), which can be
			dynamically loaded, e.g. from Python, type</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>make foo mode=shlib
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>where foo is the machine name. This kind of library is required when
			wrapping LAMMPS with Python; see <a class="reference internal" href="Section_python.html"><em>Section_python</em></a>
			for details. This will use the SHFLAGS and SHLIBFLAGS settings in
			src/MAKE/Makefile.foo and perform the build in the directory
			Obj_shared_foo. This is so that each file can be compiled with the
			-fPIC flag which is required for inclusion in a shared library. The
			build will create the file liblammps_foo.so which another application
			can link to dyamically. It will also create a soft link liblammps.so,
			which will point to the most recently built shared library. This is
			the file the Python wrapper loads by default.</p>
			<p>Note that for a shared library to be usable by a calling program, all
			the auxiliary libraries it depends on must also exist as shared
			libraries. This will be the case for libraries included with LAMMPS,
			such as the dummy MPI library in src/STUBS or any package libraries in
			lib/packages, since they are always built as shared libraries using
			the -fPIC switch. However, if a library like MPI or FFTW does not
			exist as a shared library, the shared library build will generate an
			error. This means you will need to install a shared library version
			of the auxiliary library. The build instructions for the library
			should tell you how to do this.</p>
			<p>Here is an example of such errors when the system FFTW or provided
			lib/colvars library have not been built as shared libraries:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>/usr/bin/ld: /usr/local/lib/libfftw3.a(mapflags.o): relocation
			R_X86_64_32 against `.rodata' can not be used when making a shared
			object; recompile with -fPIC
			/usr/local/lib/libfftw3.a: could not read symbols: Bad value
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>/usr/bin/ld: ../../lib/colvars/libcolvars.a(colvarmodule.o):
			relocation R_X86_64_32 against `__pthread_key_create' can not be used
			when making a shared object; recompile with -fPIC
			../../lib/colvars/libcolvars.a: error adding symbols: Bad value
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>As an example, here is how to build and install the <a class="reference external" href="http://www-unix.mcs.anl.gov/mpi">MPICH library</a>, a popular open-source version of MPI, distributed by
			Argonne National Labs, as a shared library in the default
			/usr/local/lib location:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>./configure --enable-shared
			make
			make install
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>You may need to use “sudo make install” in place of the last line if
			you do not have write privileges for /usr/local/lib. The end result
			should be the file /usr/local/lib/libmpich.so.</p>
			</div>
			<div class="section" id="additional-requirement-for-using-a-shared-library">
			<h3>2.5.3. <strong>Additional requirement for using a shared library:</strong><a class="headerlink" href="#additional-requirement-for-using-a-shared-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
			<p>The operating system finds shared libraries to load at run-time using
			the environment variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH. So you may wish to copy the
			file src/liblammps.so or src/liblammps_g++.so (for example) to a place
			the system can find it by default, such as /usr/local/lib, or you may
			wish to add the LAMMPS src directory to LD_LIBRARY_PATH, so that the
			current version of the shared library is always available to programs
			that use it.</p>
			<p>For the csh or tcsh shells, you would add something like this to your
			~/.cshrc file:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH $LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/home/sjplimp/lammps/src
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			</div>
			<div class="section" id="calling-the-lammps-library">
			<h3>2.5.4. <strong>Calling the LAMMPS library:</strong><a class="headerlink" href="#calling-the-lammps-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
			<p>Either flavor of library (static or shared0 allows one or more LAMMPS
			objects to be instantiated from the calling program.</p>
			<p>When used from a C++ program, all of LAMMPS is wrapped in a LAMMPS_NS
			namespace; you can safely use any of its classes and methods from
			within the calling code, as needed.</p>
			<p>When used from a C or Fortran program or a scripting language like
			Python, the library has a simple function-style interface, provided in
			src/library.cpp and src/library.h.</p>
			<p>See the sample codes in examples/COUPLE/simple for examples of C++ and
			C and Fortran codes that invoke LAMMPS thru its library interface.
			There are other examples as well in the COUPLE directory which are
			discussed in <a class="reference internal" href="Section_howto.html#howto-10"><span>Section_howto 10</span></a> of the
			manual. See <a class="reference internal" href="Section_python.html"><em>Section_python</em></a> of the manual for a
			description of the Python wrapper provided with LAMMPS that operates
			through the LAMMPS library interface.</p>
			<p>The files src/library.cpp and library.h define the C-style API for
			using LAMMPS as a library. See <a class="reference internal" href="Section_howto.html#howto-19"><span>Section_howto 19</span></a> of the manual for a description of the
			interface and how to extend it for your needs.</p>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			</div>
			</div>
			<div class="section" id="running-lammps">
			<span id="start-6"></span><h2>2.6. Running LAMMPS<a class="headerlink" href="#running-lammps" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
			<p>By default, LAMMPS runs by reading commands from standard input. Thus
			if you run the LAMMPS executable by itself, e.g.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">lmp_linux</span>
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>it will simply wait, expecting commands from the keyboard. Typically
			you should put commands in an input script and use I/O redirection,
			e.g.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>lmp_linux < in.file
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>For parallel environments this should also work. If it does not, use
			the ‘-in’ command-line switch, e.g.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>lmp_linux -in in.file
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p><a class="reference internal" href="Section_commands.html"><em>This section</em></a> describes how input scripts are
			structured and what commands they contain.</p>
			<p>You can test LAMMPS on any of the sample inputs provided in the
			examples or bench directory. Input scripts are named in.* and sample
			outputs are named log.*.name.P where name is a machine and P is the
			number of processors it was run on.</p>
			<p>Here is how you might run a standard Lennard-Jones benchmark on a
			Linux box, using mpirun to launch a parallel job:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>cd src
			make linux
			cp lmp_linux ../bench
			cd ../bench
			mpirun -np 4 lmp_linux < in.lj
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>See <a class="reference external" href="http://lammps.sandia.gov/bench.html">this page</a> for timings for this and the other benchmarks on
			various platforms. Note that some of the example scripts require
			LAMMPS to be built with one or more of its optional packages.</p>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			<p>On a Windows box, you can skip making LAMMPS and simply download an
			executable, as described above, though the pre-packaged executables
			include only certain packages.</p>
			<p>To run a LAMMPS executable on a Windows machine, first decide whether
			you want to download the non-MPI (serial) or the MPI (parallel)
			version of the executable. Download and save the version you have
			chosen.</p>
			<p>For the non-MPI version, follow these steps:</p>
			<ul class="simple">
			<li>Get a command prompt by going to Start->Run... ,
			then typing “cmd”.</li>
			<li>Move to the directory where you have saved lmp_win_no-mpi.exe
			(e.g. by typing: cd “Documents”).</li>
			<li>At the command prompt, type “lmp_win_no-mpi -in in.lj”, replacing in.lj
			with the name of your LAMMPS input script.</li>
			</ul>
			<p>For the MPI version, which allows you to run LAMMPS under Windows on
			multiple processors, follow these steps:</p>
			<ul class="simple">
			<li>Download and install
			<a class="reference external" href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/research/projects/mpich2/downloads/index.php?s=downloads">MPICH2</a>
			for Windows.</li>
			<li>You’ll need to use the mpiexec.exe and smpd.exe files from the MPICH2
			package. Put them in same directory (or path) as the LAMMPS Windows
			executable.</li>
			<li>Get a command prompt by going to Start->Run... ,
			then typing “cmd”.</li>
			<li>Move to the directory where you have saved lmp_win_mpi.exe
			(e.g. by typing: cd “Documents”).</li>
			<li>Then type something like this: “mpiexec -localonly 4 lmp_win_mpi -in
			in.lj”, replacing in.lj with the name of your LAMMPS input script.</li>
			<li>Note that you may need to provide smpd with a passphrase (it doesn’t
			matter what you type).</li>
			<li>In this mode, output may not immediately show up on the screen, so if
			your input script takes a long time to execute, you may need to be
			patient before the output shows up. :l Alternatively, you can still
			use this executable to run on a single processor by typing something
			like: “lmp_win_mpi -in in.lj”.</li>
			</ul>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			<p>The screen output from LAMMPS is described in the next section. As it
			runs, LAMMPS also writes a log.lammps file with the same information.</p>
			<p>Note that this sequence of commands copies the LAMMPS executable
			(lmp_linux) to the directory with the input files. This may not be
			necessary, but some versions of MPI reset the working directory to
			where the executable is, rather than leave it as the directory where
			you launch mpirun from (if you launch lmp_linux on its own and not
			under mpirun). If that happens, LAMMPS will look for additional input
			files and write its output files to the executable directory, rather
			than your working directory, which is probably not what you want.</p>
			<p>If LAMMPS encounters errors in the input script or while running a
			simulation it will print an ERROR message and stop or a WARNING
			message and continue. See <a class="reference internal" href="Section_errors.html"><em>Section_errors</em></a> for a
			discussion of the various kinds of errors LAMMPS can or can’t detect,
			a list of all ERROR and WARNING messages, and what to do about them.</p>
			<p>LAMMPS can run a problem on any number of processors, including a
			single processor. In theory you should get identical answers on any
			number of processors and on any machine. In practice, numerical
			round-off can cause slight differences and eventual divergence of
			molecular dynamics phase space trajectories.</p>
			<p>LAMMPS can run as large a problem as will fit in the physical memory
			of one or more processors. If you run out of memory, you must run on
			more processors or setup a smaller problem.</p>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			</div>
			<div class="section" id="command-line-options">
			<span id="start-7"></span><h2>2.7. Command-line options<a class="headerlink" href="#command-line-options" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
			<p>At run time, LAMMPS recognizes several optional command-line switches
			which may be used in any order. Either the full word or a one-or-two
			letter abbreviation can be used:</p>
			<ul class="simple">
			<li>-c or -cuda</li>
			<li>-e or -echo</li>
			<li>-h or -help</li>
			<li>-i or -in</li>
			<li>-k or -kokkos</li>
			<li>-l or -log</li>
			<li>-nc or -nocite</li>
			<li>-pk or -package</li>
			<li>-p or -partition</li>
			<li>-pl or -plog</li>
			<li>-ps or -pscreen</li>
			<li>-r or -restart</li>
			<li>-ro or -reorder</li>
			<li>-sc or -screen</li>
			<li>-sf or -suffix</li>
			<li>-v or -var</li>
			</ul>
			<p>For example, lmp_ibm might be launched as follows:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>mpirun -np 16 lmp_ibm -v f tmp.out -l my.log -sc none < in.alloy
			mpirun -np 16 lmp_ibm -var f tmp.out -log my.log -screen none < in.alloy
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Here are the details on the options:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>-cuda on/off
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Explicitly enable or disable CUDA support, as provided by the
			USER-CUDA package. Even if LAMMPS is built with this package, as
			described above in <a class="reference internal" href="#start-3"><span>Section 2.3</span></a>, this switch must be set to
			enable running with the CUDA-enabled styles the package provides. If
			the switch is not set (the default), LAMMPS will operate as if the
			USER-CUDA package were not installed; i.e. you can run standard LAMMPS
			or with the GPU package, for testing or benchmarking purposes.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>-echo style
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Set the style of command echoing. The style can be <em>none</em> or <em>screen</em>
			or <em>log</em> or <em>both</em>. Depending on the style, each command read from
			the input script will be echoed to the screen and/or logfile. This
			can be useful to figure out which line of your script is causing an
			input error. The default value is <em>log</em>. The echo style can also be
			set by using the <a class="reference internal" href="echo.html"><em>echo</em></a> command in the input script itself.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">help</span>
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Print a brief help summary and a list of options compiled into this
			executable for each LAMMPS style (atom_style, fix, compute,
			pair_style, bond_style, etc). This can tell you if the command you
			want to use was included via the appropriate package at compile time.
			LAMMPS will print the info and immediately exit if this switch is
			used.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>-in file
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Specify a file to use as an input script. This is an optional switch
			when running LAMMPS in one-partition mode. If it is not specified,
			LAMMPS reads its script from standard input, typically from a script
			via I/O redirection; e.g. lmp_linux < in.run. I/O redirection should
			also work in parallel, but if it does not (in the unlikely case that
			an MPI implementation does not support it), then use the -in flag.
			Note that this is a required switch when running LAMMPS in
			multi-partition mode, since multiple processors cannot all read from
			stdin.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>-kokkos on/off keyword/value ...
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Explicitly enable or disable KOKKOS support, as provided by the KOKKOS
			package. Even if LAMMPS is built with this package, as described
			above in <a class="reference internal" href="#start-3"><span>Section 2.3</span></a>, this switch must be set to enable
			running with the KOKKOS-enabled styles the package provides. If the
			switch is not set (the default), LAMMPS will operate as if the KOKKOS
			package were not installed; i.e. you can run standard LAMMPS or with
			the GPU or USER-CUDA or USER-OMP packages, for testing or benchmarking
			purposes.</p>
			<p>Additional optional keyword/value pairs can be specified which
			determine how Kokkos will use the underlying hardware on your
			platform. These settings apply to each MPI task you launch via the
			“mpirun” or “mpiexec” command. You may choose to run one or more MPI
			tasks per physical node. Note that if you are running on a desktop
			machine, you typically have one physical node. On a cluster or
			supercomputer there may be dozens or 1000s of physical nodes.</p>
			<p>Either the full word or an abbreviation can be used for the keywords.
			Note that the keywords do not use a leading minus sign. I.e. the
			keyword is “t”, not “-t”. Also note that each of the keywords has a
			default setting. Example of when to use these options and what
			settings to use on different platforms is given in <span class="xref std std-ref">Section 5.8</span>.</p>
			<ul class="simple">
			<li>d or device</li>
			<li>g or gpus</li>
			<li>t or threads</li>
			<li>n or numa</li>
			</ul>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>device Nd
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>This option is only relevant if you built LAMMPS with CUDA=yes, you
			have more than one GPU per node, and if you are running with only one
			MPI task per node. The Nd setting is the ID of the GPU on the node to
			run on. By default Nd = 0. If you have multiple GPUs per node, they
			have consecutive IDs numbered as 0,1,2,etc. This setting allows you
			to launch multiple independent jobs on the node, each with a single
			MPI task per node, and assign each job to run on a different GPU.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>gpus Ng Ns
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>This option is only relevant if you built LAMMPS with CUDA=yes, you
			have more than one GPU per node, and you are running with multiple MPI
			tasks per node (up to one per GPU). The Ng setting is how many GPUs
			you will use. The Ns setting is optional. If set, it is the ID of a
			GPU to skip when assigning MPI tasks to GPUs. This may be useful if
			your desktop system reserves one GPU to drive the screen and the rest
			are intended for computational work like running LAMMPS. By default
			Ng = 1 and Ns is not set.</p>
			<p>Depending on which flavor of MPI you are running, LAMMPS will look for
			one of these 3 environment variables</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>SLURM_LOCALID (various MPI variants compiled with SLURM support)
			MV2_COMM_WORLD_LOCAL_RANK (Mvapich)
			OMPI_COMM_WORLD_LOCAL_RANK (OpenMPI)
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>which are initialized by the “srun”, “mpirun” or “mpiexec” commands.
			The environment variable setting for each MPI rank is used to assign a
			unique GPU ID to the MPI task.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>threads Nt
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>This option assigns Nt number of threads to each MPI task for
			performing work when Kokkos is executing in OpenMP or pthreads mode.
			The default is Nt = 1, which essentially runs in MPI-only mode. If
			there are Np MPI tasks per physical node, you generally want Np*Nt =
			the number of physical cores per node, to use your available hardware
			optimally. This also sets the number of threads used by the host when
			LAMMPS is compiled with CUDA=yes.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>numa Nm
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>This option is only relevant when using pthreads with hwloc support.
			In this case Nm defines the number of NUMA regions (typicaly sockets)
			on a node which will be utilizied by a single MPI rank. By default Nm
			= 1. If this option is used the total number of worker-threads per
			MPI rank is threads*numa. Currently it is always almost better to
			assign at least one MPI rank per NUMA region, and leave numa set to
			its default value of 1. This is because letting a single process span
			multiple NUMA regions induces a significant amount of cross NUMA data
			traffic which is slow.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>-log file
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Specify a log file for LAMMPS to write status information to. In
			one-partition mode, if the switch is not used, LAMMPS writes to the
			file log.lammps. If this switch is used, LAMMPS writes to the
			specified file. In multi-partition mode, if the switch is not used, a
			log.lammps file is created with hi-level status information. Each
			partition also writes to a log.lammps.N file where N is the partition
			ID. If the switch is specified in multi-partition mode, the hi-level
			logfile is named “file” and each partition also logs information to a
			file.N. For both one-partition and multi-partition mode, if the
			specified file is “none”, then no log files are created. Using a
			<a class="reference internal" href="log.html"><em>log</em></a> command in the input script will override this setting.
			Option -plog will override the name of the partition log files file.N.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">nocite</span>
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Disable writing the log.cite file which is normally written to list
			references for specific cite-able features used during a LAMMPS run.
			See the <a class="reference external" href="http://lammps.sandia.gov/cite.html">citation page</a> for more
			details.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>-package style args ....
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Invoke the <a class="reference internal" href="package.html"><em>package</em></a> command with style and args. The
			syntax is the same as if the command appeared at the top of the input
			script. For example “-package gpu 2” or “-pk gpu 2” is the same as
			<a class="reference internal" href="package.html"><em>package gpu 2</em></a> in the input script. The possible styles
			and args are documented on the <a class="reference internal" href="package.html"><em>package</em></a> doc page. This
			switch can be used multiple times, e.g. to set options for the
			USER-INTEL and USER-OMP packages which can be used together.</p>
			<p>Along with the “-suffix” command-line switch, this is a convenient
			mechanism for invoking accelerator packages and their options without
			having to edit an input script.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>-partition 8x2 4 5 ...
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Invoke LAMMPS in multi-partition mode. When LAMMPS is run on P
			processors and this switch is not used, LAMMPS runs in one partition,
			i.e. all P processors run a single simulation. If this switch is
			used, the P processors are split into separate partitions and each
			partition runs its own simulation. The arguments to the switch
			specify the number of processors in each partition. Arguments of the
			form MxN mean M partitions, each with N processors. Arguments of the
			form N mean a single partition with N processors. The sum of
			processors in all partitions must equal P. Thus the command
			“-partition 8x2 4 5” has 10 partitions and runs on a total of 25
			processors.</p>
			<p>Running with multiple partitions can e useful for running
			<a class="reference internal" href="Section_howto.html#howto-5"><span>multi-replica simulations</span></a>, where each
			replica runs on on one or a few processors. Note that with MPI
			installed on a machine (e.g. your desktop), you can run on more
			(virtual) processors than you have physical processors.</p>
			<p>To run multiple independent simulatoins from one input script, using
			multiple partitions, see <a class="reference internal" href="Section_howto.html#howto-4"><span>Section_howto 4</span></a>
			of the manual. World- and universe-style <a class="reference internal" href="variable.html"><em>variables</em></a>
			are useful in this context.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>-plog file
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Specify the base name for the partition log files, so partition N
			writes log information to file.N. If file is none, then no partition
			log files are created. This overrides the filename specified in the
			-log command-line option. This option is useful when working with
			large numbers of partitions, allowing the partition log files to be
			suppressed (-plog none) or placed in a sub-directory (-plog
			replica_files/log.lammps) If this option is not used the log file for
			partition N is log.lammps.N or whatever is specified by the -log
			command-line option.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>-pscreen file
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Specify the base name for the partition screen file, so partition N
			writes screen information to file.N. If file is none, then no
			partition screen files are created. This overrides the filename
			specified in the -screen command-line option. This option is useful
			when working with large numbers of partitions, allowing the partition
			screen files to be suppressed (-pscreen none) or placed in a
			sub-directory (-pscreen replica_files/screen). If this option is not
			used the screen file for partition N is screen.N or whatever is
			specified by the -screen command-line option.</p>
			<pre class="literal-block">
			-restart restartfile <em>remap</em> datafile keyword value ...
			</pre>
			<p>Convert the restart file into a data file and immediately exit. This
			is the same operation as if the following 2-line input script were
			run:</p>
			<pre class="literal-block">
			read_restart restartfile <em>remap</em>
			write_data datafile keyword value ...
			</pre>
			<p>Note that the specified restartfile and datafile can have wild-card
			characters (“*”,%”) as described by the
			<a class="reference internal" href="read_restart.html"><em>read_restart</em></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="write_data.html"><em>write_data</em></a>
			commands. But a filename such as file.* will need to be enclosed in
			quotes to avoid shell expansion of the “*” character.</p>
			<p>Note that following restartfile, the optional flag <em>remap</em> can be
			used. This has the same effect as adding it to the
			<a class="reference internal" href="read_restart.html"><em>read_restart</em></a> command, as explained on its doc
			page. This is only useful if the reading of the restart file triggers
			an error that atoms have been lost. In that case, use of the remap
			flag should allow the data file to still be produced.</p>
			<p>Also note that following datafile, the same optional keyword/value
			pairs can be listed as used by the <a class="reference internal" href="write_data.html"><em>write_data</em></a>
			command.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>-reorder nth N
			-reorder custom filename
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Reorder the processors in the MPI communicator used to instantiate
			LAMMPS, in one of several ways. The original MPI communicator ranks
			all P processors from 0 to P-1. The mapping of these ranks to
			physical processors is done by MPI before LAMMPS begins. It may be
			useful in some cases to alter the rank order. E.g. to insure that
			cores within each node are ranked in a desired order. Or when using
			the <a class="reference internal" href="run_style.html"><em>run_style verlet/split</em></a> command with 2 partitions
			to insure that a specific Kspace processor (in the 2nd partition) is
			matched up with a specific set of processors in the 1st partition.
			See the <a class="reference internal" href="Section_accelerate.html"><em>Section_accelerate</em></a> doc pages for
			more details.</p>
			<p>If the keyword <em>nth</em> is used with a setting <em>N</em>, then it means every
			Nth processor will be moved to the end of the ranking. This is useful
			when using the <a class="reference internal" href="run_style.html"><em>run_style verlet/split</em></a> command with 2
			partitions via the -partition command-line switch. The first set of
			processors will be in the first partition, the 2nd set in the 2nd
			partition. The -reorder command-line switch can alter this so that
			the 1st N procs in the 1st partition and one proc in the 2nd partition
			will be ordered consecutively, e.g. as the cores on one physical node.
			This can boost performance. For example, if you use “-reorder nth 4”
			and “-partition 9 3” and you are running on 12 processors, the
			processors will be reordered from</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>to</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>0 1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10 3 7 11
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>so that the processors in each partition will be</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>0 1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10
			3 7 11
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>See the “processors” command for how to insure processors from each
			partition could then be grouped optimally for quad-core nodes.</p>
			<p>If the keyword is <em>custom</em>, then a file that specifies a permutation
			of the processor ranks is also specified. The format of the reorder
			file is as follows. Any number of initial blank or comment lines
			(starting with a “#” character) can be present. These should be
			followed by P lines of the form:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>I J
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>where P is the number of processors LAMMPS was launched with. Note
			that if running in multi-partition mode (see the -partition switch
			above) P is the total number of processors in all partitions. The I
			and J values describe a permutation of the P processors. Every I and
			J should be values from 0 to P-1 inclusive. In the set of P I values,
			every proc ID should appear exactly once. Ditto for the set of P J
			values. A single I,J pairing means that the physical processor with
			rank I in the original MPI communicator will have rank J in the
			reordered communicator.</p>
			<p>Note that rank ordering can also be specified by many MPI
			implementations, either by environment variables that specify how to
			order physical processors, or by config files that specify what
			physical processors to assign to each MPI rank. The -reorder switch
			simply gives you a portable way to do this without relying on MPI
			itself. See the <a class="reference external" href="processors">processors out</a> command for how to output
			info on the final assignment of physical processors to the LAMMPS
			simulation domain.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>-screen file
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Specify a file for LAMMPS to write its screen information to. In
			one-partition mode, if the switch is not used, LAMMPS writes to the
			screen. If this switch is used, LAMMPS writes to the specified file
			instead and you will see no screen output. In multi-partition mode,
			if the switch is not used, hi-level status information is written to
			the screen. Each partition also writes to a screen.N file where N is
			the partition ID. If the switch is specified in multi-partition mode,
			the hi-level screen dump is named “file” and each partition also
			writes screen information to a file.N. For both one-partition and
			multi-partition mode, if the specified file is “none”, then no screen
			output is performed. Option -pscreen will override the name of the
			partition screen files file.N.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>-suffix style
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Use variants of various styles if they exist. The specified style can
			be <em>cuda</em>, <em>gpu</em>, <em>intel</em>, <em>kk</em>, <em>omp</em>, or <em>opt</em>. These refer to
			optional packages that LAMMPS can be built with, as described above in
			<a class="reference internal" href="#start-3"><span>Section 2.3</span></a>. The “cuda” style corresponds to the USER-CUDA
			package, the “gpu” style to the GPU package, the “intel” style to the
			USER-INTEL package, the “kk” style to the KOKKOS package, the “opt”
			style to the OPT package, and the “omp” style to the USER-OMP package.</p>
			<p>Along with the “-package” command-line switch, this is a convenient
			mechanism for invoking accelerator packages and their options without
			having to edit an input script.</p>
			<p>As an example, all of the packages provide a <a class="reference internal" href="pair_lj.html"><em>pair_style lj/cut</em></a> variant, with style names lj/cut/cuda,
			lj/cut/gpu, lj/cut/intel, lj/cut/kk, lj/cut/omp, and lj/cut/opt. A
			variant style can be specified explicitly in your input script,
			e.g. pair_style lj/cut/gpu. If the -suffix switch is used the
			specified suffix (cuda,gpu,intel,kk,omp,opt) is automatically appended
			whenever your input script command creates a new
			<a class="reference internal" href="atom_style.html"><em>atom</em></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="pair_style.html"><em>pair</em></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="fix.html"><em>fix</em></a>,
			<a class="reference internal" href="compute.html"><em>compute</em></a>, or <a class="reference internal" href="run_style.html"><em>run</em></a> style. If the variant
			version does not exist, the standard version is created.</p>
			<p>For the GPU package, using this command-line switch also invokes the
			default GPU settings, as if the command “package gpu 1” were used at
			the top of your input script. These settings can be changed by using
			the “-package gpu” command-line switch or the <a class="reference internal" href="package.html"><em>package gpu</em></a> command in your script.</p>
			<p>For the USER-INTEL package, using this command-line switch also
			invokes the default USER-INTEL settings, as if the command “package
			intel 1” were used at the top of your input script. These settings
			can be changed by using the “-package intel” command-line switch or
			the <a class="reference internal" href="package.html"><em>package intel</em></a> command in your script. If the
			USER-OMP package is also installed, the intel suffix will make the omp
			suffix a second choice, if a requested style is not available in the
			USER-INTEL package. It will also invoke the default USER-OMP
			settings, as if the command “package omp 0” were used at the top of
			your input script. These settings can be changed by using the
			“-package omp” command-line switch or the <a class="reference internal" href="package.html"><em>package omp</em></a>
			command in your script.</p>
			<p>For the KOKKOS package, using this command-line switch also invokes
			the default KOKKOS settings, as if the command “package kokkos” were
			used at the top of your input script. These settings can be changed
			by using the “-package kokkos” command-line switch or the <a class="reference internal" href="package.html"><em>package kokkos</em></a> command in your script.</p>
			<p>For the OMP package, using this command-line switch also invokes the
			default OMP settings, as if the command “package omp 0” were used at
			the top of your input script. These settings can be changed by using
			the “-package omp” command-line switch or the <a class="reference internal" href="package.html"><em>package omp</em></a> command in your script.</p>
			<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="suffix.html"><em>suffix</em></a> command can also be used within an input
			script to set a suffix, or to turn off or back on any suffix setting
			made via the command line.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>-var name value1 value2 ...
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>Specify a variable that will be defined for substitution purposes when
			the input script is read. This switch can be used multiple times to
			define multiple variables. “Name” is the variable name which can be a
			single character (referenced as $x in the input script) or a full
			string (referenced as ${abc}). An <a class="reference internal" href="variable.html"><em>index-style variable</em></a> will be created and populated with the
			subsequent values, e.g. a set of filenames. Using this command-line
			option is equivalent to putting the line “variable name index value1
			value2 ...” at the beginning of the input script. Defining an index
			variable as a command-line argument overrides any setting for the same
			index variable in the input script, since index variables cannot be
			re-defined. See the <a class="reference internal" href="variable.html"><em>variable</em></a> command for more info on
			defining index and other kinds of variables and <a class="reference internal" href="Section_commands.html#cmd-2"><span>this section</span></a> for more info on using variables
			in input scripts.</p>
			<div class="admonition note">
			<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
			<p class="last">Currently, the command-line parser looks for arguments that
			start with “-” to indicate new switches. Thus you cannot specify
			multiple variable values if any of they start with a “-”, e.g. a
			negative numeric value. It is OK if the first value1 starts with a
			“-”, since it is automatically skipped.</p>
			</div>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			</div>
			<div class="section" id="lammps-screen-output">
			<span id="start-8"></span><h2>2.8. LAMMPS screen output<a class="headerlink" href="#lammps-screen-output" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
			<p>As LAMMPS reads an input script, it prints information to both the
			screen and a log file about significant actions it takes to setup a
			simulation. When the simulation is ready to begin, LAMMPS performs
			various initializations and prints the amount of memory (in MBytes per
			processor) that the simulation requires. It also prints details of
			the initial thermodynamic state of the system. During the run itself,
			thermodynamic information is printed periodically, every few
			timesteps. When the run concludes, LAMMPS prints the final
			thermodynamic state and a total run time for the simulation. It then
			appends statistics about the CPU time and storage requirements for the
			simulation. An example set of statistics is shown here:</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>Loop time of 49.002 on 2 procs for 2004 atoms
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>Pair time (%) = 35.0495 (71.5267)
			Bond time (%) = 0.092046 (0.187841)
			Kspce time (%) = 6.42073 (13.103)
			Neigh time (%) = 2.73485 (5.5811)
			Comm time (%) = 1.50291 (3.06703)
			Outpt time (%) = 0.013799 (0.0281601)
			Other time (%) = 2.13669 (4.36041)
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>Nlocal: 1002 ave, 1015 max, 989 min
			Histogram: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
			Nghost: 8720 ave, 8724 max, 8716 min
			Histogram: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
			Neighs: 354141 ave, 361422 max, 346860 min
			Histogram: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>Total # of neighbors = 708282
			Ave neighs/atom = 353.434
			Ave special neighs/atom = 2.34032
			Number of reneighborings = 42
			Dangerous reneighborings = 2
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>The first section gives the breakdown of the CPU run time (in seconds)
			into major categories. The second section lists the number of owned
			atoms (Nlocal), ghost atoms (Nghost), and pair-wise neighbors stored
			per processor. The max and min values give the spread of these values
			across processors with a 10-bin histogram showing the distribution.
			The total number of histogram counts is equal to the number of
			processors.</p>
			<p>The last section gives aggregate statistics for pair-wise neighbors
			and special neighbors that LAMMPS keeps track of (see the
			<a class="reference internal" href="special_bonds.html"><em>special_bonds</em></a> command). The number of times
			neighbor lists were rebuilt during the run is given as well as the
			number of potentially “dangerous” rebuilds. If atom movement
			triggered neighbor list rebuilding (see the
			<a class="reference internal" href="neigh_modify.html"><em>neigh_modify</em></a> command), then dangerous
			reneighborings are those that were triggered on the first timestep
			atom movement was checked for. If this count is non-zero you may wish
			to reduce the delay factor to insure no force interactions are missed
			by atoms moving beyond the neighbor skin distance before a rebuild
			takes place.</p>
			<p>If an energy minimization was performed via the
			<a class="reference internal" href="minimize.html"><em>minimize</em></a> command, additional information is printed,
			e.g.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>Minimization stats:
			E initial, next-to-last, final = -0.895962 -2.94193 -2.94342
			Gradient 2-norm init/final= 1920.78 20.9992
			Gradient inf-norm init/final= 304.283 9.61216
			Iterations = 36
			Force evaluations = 177
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>The first line lists the initial and final energy, as well as the
			energy on the next-to-last iteration. The next 2 lines give a measure
			of the gradient of the energy (force on all atoms). The 2-norm is the
			“length” of this force vector; the inf-norm is the largest component.
			The last 2 lines are statistics on how many iterations and
			force-evaluations the minimizer required. Multiple force evaluations
			are typically done at each iteration to perform a 1d line minimization
			in the search direction.</p>
			<p>If a <a class="reference internal" href="kspace_style.html"><em>kspace_style</em></a> long-range Coulombics solve was
			performed during the run (PPPM, Ewald), then additional information is
			printed, e.g.</p>
			<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre>FFT time (% of Kspce) = 0.200313 (8.34477)
			FFT Gflps 3d 1d-only = 2.31074 9.19989
			</pre></div>
			</div>
			<p>The first line gives the time spent doing 3d FFTs (4 per timestep) and
			the fraction it represents of the total KSpace time (listed above).
			Each 3d FFT requires computation (3 sets of 1d FFTs) and communication
			(transposes). The total flops performed is 5Nlog_2(N), where N is the
			number of points in the 3d grid. The FFTs are timed with and without
			the communication and a Gflop rate is computed. The 3d rate is with
			communication; the 1d rate is without (just the 1d FFTs). Thus you
			can estimate what fraction of your FFT time was spent in
			communication, roughly 75% in the example above.</p>
			<hr class="docutils" />
			</div>
			<div class="section" id="tips-for-users-of-previous-lammps-versions">
			<span id="start-9"></span><h2>2.9. Tips for users of previous LAMMPS versions<a class="headerlink" href="#tips-for-users-of-previous-lammps-versions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
			<p>The current C++ began with a complete rewrite of LAMMPS 2001, which
			was written in F90. Features of earlier versions of LAMMPS are listed
			in <a class="reference internal" href="Section_history.html"><em>Section_history</em></a>. The F90 and F77 versions
			(2001 and 99) are also freely distributed as open-source codes; check
			the <a class="reference external" href="http://lammps.sandia.gov">LAMMPS WWW Site</a> for distribution information if you prefer
			those versions. The 99 and 2001 versions are no longer under active
			development; they do not have all the features of C++ LAMMPS.</p>
			<p>If you are a previous user of LAMMPS 2001, these are the most
			significant changes you will notice in C++ LAMMPS:</p>
			<p>(1) The names and arguments of many input script commands have
			changed. All commands are now a single word (e.g. read_data instead
			of read data).</p>
			<p>(2) All the functionality of LAMMPS 2001 is included in C++ LAMMPS,
			but you may need to specify the relevant commands in different ways.</p>
			<p>(3) The format of the data file can be streamlined for some problems.
			See the <a class="reference internal" href="read_data.html"><em>read_data</em></a> command for details. The data file
			section “Nonbond Coeff” has been renamed to “Pair Coeff” in C++ LAMMPS.</p>
			<p>(4) Binary restart files written by LAMMPS 2001 cannot be read by C++
			LAMMPS with a <a class="reference internal" href="read_restart.html"><em>read_restart</em></a> command. This is
			because they were output by F90 which writes in a different binary
			format than C or C++ writes or reads. Use the <em>restart2data</em> tool
			provided with LAMMPS 2001 to convert the 2001 restart file to a text
			data file. Then edit the data file as necessary before using the C++
			LAMMPS <a class="reference internal" href="read_data.html"><em>read_data</em></a> command to read it in.</p>
			<p>(5) There are numerous small numerical changes in C++ LAMMPS that mean
			you will not get identical answers when comparing to a 2001 run.
			However, your initial thermodynamic energy and MD trajectory should be
			close if you have setup the problem for both codes the same.</p>
			</div>
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