<li><pclass="first">ID, group are documented in <aclass="reference internal"href="fix.html"><spanclass="doc">fix</span></a> command</p>
</li>
<li><pclass="first">gravity = style name of this fix command</p>
</li>
<li><pclass="first">magnitude = size of acceleration (force/mass units)</p>
</li>
<li><pclass="first">magnitude can be a variable (see below)</p>
</li>
<li><pclass="first">style = <em>chute</em> or <em>spherical</em> or <em>gradient</em> or <em>vector</em></p>
<preclass="literal-block">
<em>chute</em> args = angle
angle = angle in +x away from -z or -y axis in 3d/2d (in degrees)
angle can be a variable (see below)
<em>spherical</em> args = phi theta
phi = azimuthal angle from +x axis (in degrees)
theta = angle from +z or +y axis in 3d/2d (in degrees)
phi or theta can be a variable (see below)
<em>vector</em> args = x y z
x y z = vector direction to apply the acceleration
x or y or z can be a variable (see below)
</pre>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<divclass="section"id="examples">
<h2>Examples</h2>
<preclass="literal-block">
fix 1 all gravity 1.0 chute 24.0
fix 1 all gravity v_increase chute 24.0
fix 1 all gravity 1.0 spherical 0.0 -180.0
fix 1 all gravity 10.0 spherical v_phi v_theta
fix 1 all gravity 100.0 vector 1 1 0
</pre>
</div>
<divclass="section"id="description">
<h2>Description</h2>
<p>Impose an additional acceleration on each particle in the group. This
fix is typically used with granular systems to include a “gravity”
term acting on the macroscopic particles. More generally, it can
represent any kind of driving field, e.g. a pressure gradient inducing
a Poiseuille flow in a fluid. Note that this fix operates differently
than the <aclass="reference internal"href="fix_addforce.html"><spanclass="doc">fix addforce</span></a> command. The addforce fix
adds the same force to each atom, independent of its mass. This
command imparts the same acceleration to each atom (force/mass).</p>
<p>The <em>magnitude</em> of the acceleration is specified in force/mass units.
For granular systems (LJ units) this is typically 1.0. See the
<aclass="reference internal"href="units.html"><spanclass="doc">units</span></a> command for details.</p>
<p>Style <em>chute</em> is typically used for simulations of chute flow where
the specified <em>angle</em> is the chute angle, with flow occurring in the +x
direction. For 3d systems, the tilt is away from the z axis; for 2d
systems, the tilt is away from the y axis.</p>
<p>Style <em>spherical</em> allows an arbitrary 3d direction to be specified for
the acceleration vector. <em>Phi</em> and <em>theta</em> are defined in the usual
spherical coordinates. Thus for acceleration acting in the -z
direction, <em>theta</em> would be 180.0 (or -180.0). <em>Theta</em> = 90.0 and
<em>phi</em> = -90.0 would mean acceleration acts in the -y direction. For
2d systems, <em>phi</em> is ignored and <em>theta</em> is an angle in the xy plane
where <em>theta</em> = 0.0 is the y-axis.</p>
<p>Style <em>vector</em> imposes an acceleration in the vector direction given
by (x,y,z). Only the direction of the vector is important; it’s
length is ignored. For 2d systems, the <em>z</em> component is ignored.</p>
<p>Any of the quantities <em>magnitude</em>, <em>angle</em>, <em>phi</em>, <em>theta</em>, <em>x</em>, <em>y</em>,
<em>z</em> which define the gravitational magnitude and direction, can be
specified as an equal-style <aclass="reference internal"href="variable.html"><spanclass="doc">variable</span></a>. If the value is
a variable, it should be specified as v_name, where name is the
variable name. In this case, the variable will be evaluated each
timestep, and its value used to determine the quantity. You should
insure that the variable calculates a result in the approriate units,
e.g. force/mass or degrees.</p>
<p>Equal-style variables can specify formulas with various mathematical
functions, and include <aclass="reference internal"href="thermo_style.html"><spanclass="doc">thermo_style</span></a> command
keywords for the simulation box parameters and timestep and elapsed
time. Thus it is easy to specify a time-dependent gravitational
field.</p>
<hrclass="docutils"/>
<p>Styles with a <em>gpu</em>, <em>intel</em>, <em>kk</em>, <em>omp</em>, or <em>opt</em> suffix are
functionally the same as the corresponding style without the suffix.
They have been optimized to run faster, depending on your available
hardware, as discussed in <aclass="reference internal"href="Section_accelerate.html"><spanclass="doc">Section 5</span></a>
of the manual. The accelerated styles take the same arguments and
should produce the same results, except for round-off and precision
issues.</p>
<p>These accelerated styles are part of the GPU, USER-INTEL, KOKKOS,
USER-OMP and OPT packages, respectively. They are only enabled if
LAMMPS was built with those packages. See the <aclass="reference internal"href="Section_start.html#start-3"><spanclass="std std-ref">Making LAMMPS</span></a> section for more info.</p>
<p>You can specify the accelerated styles explicitly in your input script
by including their suffix, or you can use the <aclass="reference internal"href="Section_start.html#start-7"><spanclass="std std-ref">-suffix command-line switch</span></a> when you invoke LAMMPS, or you can
use the <aclass="reference internal"href="suffix.html"><spanclass="doc">suffix</span></a> command in your input script.</p>
<p>See <aclass="reference internal"href="Section_accelerate.html"><spanclass="doc">Section 5</span></a> of the manual for
more instructions on how to use the accelerated styles effectively.</p>
<hrclass="docutils"/>
<p><strong>Restart, fix_modify, output, run start/stop, minimize info:</strong></p>
<p>No information about this fix is written to <aclass="reference internal"href="restart.html"><spanclass="doc">binary restart files</span></a>.</p>
<p>The <aclass="reference internal"href="fix_modify.html"><spanclass="doc">fix_modify</span></a><em>energy</em> option is supported by this
fix to add the gravitational potential energy of the system to the
system’s potential energy as part of <aclass="reference internal"href="thermo_style.html"><spanclass="doc">thermodynamic output</span></a>.</p>
<p>The <aclass="reference internal"href="fix_modify.html"><spanclass="doc">fix_modify</span></a><em>respa</em> option is supported by this
fix. This allows to set at which level of the <aclass="reference internal"href="run_style.html"><spanclass="doc">r-RESPA</span></a>
integrator the fix is adding its forces. Default is the outermost level.</p>
<p>This fix computes a global scalar which can be accessed by various
<aclass="reference internal"href="Section_howto.html#howto-15"><spanclass="std std-ref">output commands</span></a>. This scalar is the
gravitational potential energy of the particles in the defined field,
namely mass * (g dot x) for each particles, where x and mass are the
particles position and mass, and g is the gravitational field. The
scalar value calculated by this fix is “extensive”.</p>
<p>No parameter of this fix can be used with the <em>start/stop</em> keywords of
the <aclass="reference internal"href="run.html"><spanclass="doc">run</span></a> command. This fix is not invoked during <aclass="reference internal"href="minimize.html"><spanclass="doc">energy minimization</span></a>.</p>
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