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<CENTER><A HREF = "Section_intro.html">Previous Section</A> - <A HREF = "http://lammps.sandia.gov">LAMMPS WWW Site</A> - <A HREF = "Manual.html">LAMMPS Documentation</A> - <A HREF = "Section_commands.html#comm">LAMMPS Commands</A> - <A HREF = "Section_commands.html">Next Section</A>
</CENTER>
<HR>
<H3>2. Getting Started
</H3>
<P>This section describes how to build and run LAMMPS, for both new and
experienced users.
</P>
2.1 <A HREF = "#start_1">What's in the LAMMPS distribution</A><BR>
2.2 <A HREF = "#start_2">Making LAMMPS</A><BR>
2.3 <A HREF = "#start_3">Making LAMMPS with optional packages</A><BR>
2.4 <A HREF = "#start_4">Building LAMMPS as a library</A><BR>
2.5 <A HREF = "#start_5">Running LAMMPS</A><BR>
2.6 <A HREF = "#start_6">Command-line options</A><BR>
2.7 <A HREF = "#start_7">Screen output</A><BR>
2.8 <A HREF = "#start_8">Tips for users of previous versions</A> <BR>
<HR>
<HR>
<H4><A NAME = "start_1"></A>2.1 What's in the LAMMPS distribution
</H4>
<P>When you download LAMMPS you will need to unzip and untar the
downloaded file with the following commands, after placing the file in
an appropriate directory.
</P>
<PRE>gunzip lammps*.tar.gz
tar xvf lammps*.tar
</PRE>
<P>This will create a LAMMPS directory containing two files and several
sub-directories:
</P>
<DIV ALIGN=center><TABLE BORDER=1 >
<TR><TD >README</TD><TD > text file</TD></TR>
<TR><TD >LICENSE</TD><TD > the GNU General Public License (GPL)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD >bench</TD><TD > benchmark problems</TD></TR>
<TR><TD >couple</TD><TD > code coupling examples, using LAMMPS as a library</TD></TR>
<TR><TD >doc</TD><TD > documentation</TD></TR>
<TR><TD >examples</TD><TD > simple test problems</TD></TR>
<TR><TD >potentials</TD><TD > embedded atom method (EAM) potential files</TD></TR>
<TR><TD >src</TD><TD > source files</TD></TR>
<TR><TD >tools</TD><TD > pre- and post-processing tools
</TD></TR></TABLE></DIV>
<P>If you download one of the Windows executables from the download page,
then you just get a single file:
</P>
<PRE>lmp_windows.exe
</PRE>
<P>Skip to the <A HREF = "#start_5">Running LAMMPS</A> sections for info on how to
launch these executables on a Windows box.
</P>
<P>The Windows executables for serial or parallel only include certain
packages and bug-fixes/upgrades listed on <A HREF = "http://lammps.sandia.gov/bug.html">this
page</A> up to a certain date, as
stated on the download page. If you want something with more packages
or that is more current, you'll have to download the source tarball
and build it yourself from source code using Microsoft Visual Studio,
as described in the next section.
</P>
<HR>
<H4><A NAME = "start_2"></A>2.2 Making LAMMPS
</H4>
<P>This section has the following sub-sections:
</P>
<UL><LI><A HREF = "#start_2_1">Read this first</A>
<LI><A HREF = "#start_2_2">Steps to build a LAMMPS executable</A>
<LI><A HREF = "#start_2_3">Common errors that can occur when making LAMMPS</A>
<LI><A HREF = "#start_2_4">Additional build tips</A>
<LI><A HREF = "#start_2_5">Building for a Mac</A>
<LI><A HREF = "#start_2_6">Building for Windows</A>
</UL>
<HR>
<A NAME = "start_2_1"></A><B><I>Read this first:</I></B>
<P>Building LAMMPS can be non-trivial. You may need to edit a makefile,
there are compiler options to consider, additional libraries can be
used (MPI, FFT, JPEG), LAMMPS packages may be included or excluded,
some of these packages use auxiliary libraries which need to be
pre-built, etc.
</P>
<P>Please read this section carefully. If you are not comfortable with
makefiles, or building codes on a Unix platform, or running an MPI job
on your machine, please find a local expert to help you. Many
compiling, linking, and run problems that users have are not really
LAMMPS issues - they are peculiar to the user's system, compilers,
libraries, etc. Such questions are better answered by a local expert.
</P>
<P>If you have a build problem that you are convinced is a LAMMPS issue
(e.g. the compiler complains about a line of LAMMPS source code), then
please send an email to the
<A HREF = "http://lammps.sandia.gov/authors.html">developers</A>.
</P>
<P>If you succeed in building LAMMPS on a new kind of machine, for which
there isn't a similar Makefile for in the src/MAKE directory, send it
to the developers and we'll include it in future LAMMPS releases.
</P>
<HR>
<A NAME = "start_2_2"></A><B><I>Steps to build a LAMMPS executable:</I></B>
<P><B>Step 0</B>
</P>
<P>The src directory contains the C++ source and header files for LAMMPS.
It also contains a top-level Makefile and a MAKE sub-directory with
low-level Makefile.* files for many machines. From within the src
directory, type "make" or "gmake". You should see a list of available
choices. If one of those is the machine and options you want, you can
type a command like:
</P>
<PRE>make linux
or
gmake mac
</PRE>
<P>Note that on a multi-processor or multi-core platform you can launch a
parallel make, by using the "-j" switch with the make command, which
will build LAMMPS more quickly.
</P>
<P>If you get no errors and an executable like lmp_linux or lmp_mac is
produced, you're done; it's your lucky day.
</P>
<P>Note that by default only a few of LAMMPS optional pacakges are
installed. To build LAMMPS with optional packages, see <A HREF = "#start_3">this
section</A> below.
</P>
<P><B>Step 1</B>
</P>
<P>If Step 0 did not work, you will need to create a low-level Makefile
for your machine, like Makefile.foo. You should make a copy of an
existing src/MAKE/Makefile.* as a starting point. The only portions
of the file you need to edit are the first line, the "compiler/linker
settings" section, and the "LAMMPS-specific settings" section.
</P>
<P><B>Step 2</B>
</P>
<P>Change the first line of src/MAKE/Makefile.foo to list the word "foo"
after the "#", and whatever other options it will set. This is the
line you will see if you just type "make".
</P>
<P><B>Step 3</B>
</P>
<P>The "compiler/linker settings" section lists compiler and linker
settings for your C++ compiler, including optimization flags. You can
use g++, the open-source GNU compiler, which is available on all Unix
systems. You can also use mpicc which will typically be available if
MPI is installed on your system, though you should check which actual
compiler it wraps. Vendor compilers often produce faster code. On
boxes with Intel CPUs, we suggest using the commercial Intel icc
compiler, which can be downloaded from <A HREF = "http://www.intel.com/software/products/noncom">Intel's compiler site</A>.
</P>
<P>If building a C++ code on your machine requires additional libraries,
then you should list them as part of the LIB variable.
</P>
<P>The DEPFLAGS setting is what triggers the C++ compiler to create a
dependency list for a source file. This speeds re-compilation when
source (*.cpp) or header (*.h) files are edited. Some compilers do
not support dependency file creation, or may use a different switch
than -D. GNU g++ works with -D. If your compiler can't create
dependency files, then you'll need to create a Makefile.foo patterned
after Makefile.storm, which uses different rules that do not involve
dependency files. Note that when you build LAMMPS for the first time
on a new platform, a long list of *.d files will be printed out
rapidly. This is not an error; it is the Makefile doing its normal
creation of dependencies.
</P>
<P><B>Step 4</B>
</P>
<P>The "system-specific settings" section has several parts. Note that
if you change any -D setting in this section, you should do a full
re-compile, after typing "make clean" (which will describe different
clean options).
</P>
<P>The LMP_INC variable is used to include options that turn on ifdefs
within the LAMMPS code. The options that are currently recogized are:
</P>
<UL><LI>-DLAMMPS_GZIP
<LI>-DLAMMPS_JPEG
<LI>-DLAMMPS_MEMALIGN
<LI>-DLAMMPS_XDR
<LI>-DLAMMPS_SMALLBIG
<LI>-DLAMMPS_BIGBIG
<LI>-DLAMMPS_SMALLSMALL
<LI>-DLAMMPS_LONGLONG_TO_LONG
<LI>-DPACK_ARRAY
<LI>-DPACK_POINTER
<LI>-DPACK_MEMCPY
</UL>
<P>The read_data and dump commands will read/write gzipped files if you
compile with -DLAMMPS_GZIP. It requires that your Unix support the
"popen" command.
</P>
<P>If you use -DLAMMPS_JPEG, the <A HREF = "dump.html">dump image</A> command will be
able to write out JPEG image files. If not, it will only be able to
write out text-based PPM image files. For JPEG files, you must also
link LAMMPS with a JPEG library, as described below.
</P>
<P>Using -DLAMMPS_MEMALIGN=<bytes> enables the use of the
posix_memalign() call instead of malloc() when large chunks or memory
are allocated by LAMMPS. This can help to make more efficient use of
vector instructions of modern CPUS, since dynamically allocated memory
has to be aligned on larger than default byte boundaries (e.g. 16
bytes instead of 8 bytes on x86 type platforms) for optimal
performance.
</P>
<P>If you use -DLAMMPS_XDR, the build will include XDR compatibility
files for doing particle dumps in XTC format. This is only necessary
if your platform does have its own XDR files available. See the
Restrictions section of the <A HREF = "dump.html">dump</A> command for details.
</P>
<P>Use at most one of the -DLAMMPS_SMALLBIG, -DLAMMPS_BIGBIG,
-D-DLAMMPS_SMALLSMALL settings. The default is -DLAMMPS_SMALLBIG.
These refer to use of 4-byte (small) vs 8-byte (big) integers within
LAMMPS, as described in src/lmptype.h. The only reason to use the
BIGBIG setting is to enable simulation of huge molecular systems with
more than 2 billion atoms. The only reason to use the SMALLSMALL
setting is if your machine does not support 64-bit integers.
</P>
<P>The -DLAMMPS_LONGLONG_TO_LONG setting may be needed if your system or
MPI version does not recognize "long long" data types. In this case a
"long" data type is likely already 64-bits, in which case this setting
will convert to that data type.
</P>
<P>Using one of the -DPACK_ARRAY, -DPACK_POINTER, and -DPACK_MEMCPY
options can make for faster parallel FFTs (in the PPPM solver) on some
platforms. The -DPACK_ARRAY setting is the default. See the
<A HREF = "kspace_style.html">kspace_style</A> command for info about PPPM. See
Step 6 below for info about building LAMMPS with an FFT library.
</P>
<P><B>Step 5</B>
</P>
<P>The 3 MPI variables are used to specify an MPI library to build LAMMPS
with.
</P>
<P>If you want LAMMPS to run in parallel, you must have an MPI library
installed on your platform. If you use an MPI-wrapped compiler, such
as "mpicc" to build LAMMPS, you should be able to leave these 3
variables blank; the MPI wrapper knows where to find the needed files.
If not, and MPI is installed on your system in the usual place (under
/usr/local), you also may not need to specify these 3 variables. On
some large parallel machines which use "modules" for their
compile/link environements, you may simply need to include the correct
module in your build environment. Or the parallel machine may have a
vendor-provided MPI which the compiler has no trouble finding.
</P>
<P>Failing this, with these 3 variables you can specify where the mpi.h
file (MPI_INC) and the MPI library file (MPI_PATH) are found and the
name of the library file (MPI_LIB).
</P>
<P>If you are installing MPI yourself, we recommend Argonne's MPICH2
or OpenMPI. MPICH can be downloaded from the <A HREF = "http://www.mcs.anl.gov/research/projects/mpich2/">Argonne MPI
site</A>. OpenMPI can
be downloaded from the <A HREF = "http://www.open-mpi.org">OpenMPI site</A>.
Other MPI packages should also work. If you are running on a big
parallel platform, your system people or the vendor should have
already installed a version of MPI, which is likely to be faster
than a self-installed MPICH or OpenMPI, so find out how to build
and link with it. If you use MPICH or OpenMPI, you will have to
configure and build it for your platform. The MPI configure script
should have compiler options to enable you to use the same compiler
you are using for the LAMMPS build, which can avoid problems that can
arise when linking LAMMPS to the MPI library.
</P>
<P>If you just want to run LAMMPS on a single processor, you can use the
dummy MPI library provided in src/STUBS, since you don't need a true
MPI library installed on your system. See the
src/MAKE/Makefile.serial file for how to specify the 3 MPI variables
in this case. You will also need to build the STUBS library for your
platform before making LAMMPS itself. From the src directory, type
"make stubs", or from the STUBS dir, type "make" and it should create
a libmpi.a suitable for linking to LAMMPS. If this build fails, you
will need to edit the STUBS/Makefile for your platform.
</P>
<P>The file STUBS/mpi.cpp provides a CPU timer function called
MPI_Wtime() that calls gettimeofday() . If your system doesn't
support gettimeofday() , you'll need to insert code to call another
timer. Note that the ANSI-standard function clock() rolls over after
an hour or so, and is therefore insufficient for timing long LAMMPS
simulations.
</P>
<P><B>Step 6</B>
</P>
<P>The 3 FFT variables allow you to specify an FFT library which LAMMPS
uses (for performing 1d FFTs) when running the particle-particle
particle-mesh (PPPM) option for long-range Coulombics via the
<A HREF = "kspace_style.html">kspace_style</A> command.
</P>
<P>LAMMPS supports various open-source or vendor-supplied FFT libraries
for this purpose. If you leave these 3 variables blank, LAMMPS will
use the open-source <A HREF = "http://kissfft.sf.net">KISS FFT library</A>, which is
included in the LAMMPS distribution. This library is portable to all
platforms and for typical LAMMPS simulations is almost as fast as FFTW
or vendor optimized libraries. If you are not including the KSPACE
package in your build, you can also leave the 3 variables blank.
</P>
<P>Otherwise, select which kinds of FFTs to use as part of the FFT_INC
setting by a switch of the form -DFFT_XXX. Recommended values for XXX
are: MKL, SCSL, FFTW2, and FFTW3. Legacy options are: INTEL, SGI,
ACML, and T3E. For backward compatability, using -DFFT_FFTW will use
the FFTW2 library. Using -DFFT_NONE will use the KISS library
described above.
</P>
<P>You may also need to set the FFT_INC, FFT_PATH, and FFT_LIB variables,
so the compiler and linker can find the needed FFT header and library
files. Note that on some large parallel machines which use "modules"
for their compile/link environements, you may simply need to include
the correct module in your build environment. Or the parallel machine
may have a vendor-provided FFT library which the compiler has no
trouble finding.
</P>
<P>FFTW is a fast, portable library that should also work on any
platform. You can download it from
<A HREF = "http://www.fftw.org">www.fftw.org</A>. Both the legacy version 2.1.X and
the newer 3.X versions are supported as -DFFT_FFTW2 or -DFFT_FFTW3.
Building FFTW for your box should be as simple as ./configure; make.
Note that on some platforms FFTW2 has been pre-installed, and uses
renamed files indicating the precision it was compiled with,
e.g. sfftw.h, or dfftw.h instead of fftw.h. In this case, you can
specify an additional define variable for FFT_INC called -DFFTW2_SIZE,
which will select the correct include file. In this case, for FFT_LIB
you must also manually specify the correct library, namely -lsfftw or
-ldfftw.
</P>
<P>The FFT_INC variable also allows for a -DFFT_SINGLE setting that will
use single-precision FFTs with PPPM, which can speed-up long-range
calulations, particularly in parallel or on GPUs. Fourier transform
and related PPPM operations are somewhat insensitive to floating point
truncation errors and thus do not always need to be performed in
double precision. Using the -DFFT_SINGLE setting trades off a little
accuracy for reduced memory use and parallel communication costs for
transposing 3d FFT data. Note that single precision FFTs have only
been tested with the FFTW3, FFTW2, MKL, and KISS FFT options.
</P>
<P><B>Step 7</B>
</P>
<P>The 3 JPG variables allow you to specify a JPEG library which LAMMPS
uses when writing out JPEG files via the <A HREF = "dump_image.html">dump image</A>
command. These can be left blank if you do not use the -DLAMMPS_JPEG
switch discussed above in Step 4, since in that case JPEG output will
be disabled.
</P>
<P>A standard JPEG library usually goes by the name libjpeg.a and has an
associated header file jpeglib.h. Whichever JPEG library you have on
your platform, you'll need to set the appropriate JPG_INC, JPG_PATH,
and JPG_LIB variables, so that the compiler and linker can find it.
</P>
<P>As before, if these header and library files are in the usual place on
your machine, you may not need to set these variables.
</P>
<P><B>Step 8</B>
</P>
<P>Note that by default only a few of LAMMPS optional pacakges are
installed. To build LAMMPS with optional packages, see <A HREF = "#start_3">this
section</A> below, before proceeding to Step 9.
</P>
<P><B>Step 9</B>
</P>
<P>That's it. Once you have a correct Makefile.foo, you have installed
the optional LAMMPS packages you want to include in your build, and
you have pre-built any other needed libraries (e.g. MPI, FFT, package
libraries), all you need to do from the src directory is type
something like this:
</P>
<PRE>make foo
or
gmake foo
</PRE>
<P>You should get the executable lmp_foo when the build is complete.
</P>
<HR>
<A NAME = "start_2_3"></A><B><I>Errors that can occur when making LAMMPS:</I></B>
<P>IMPORTANT NOTE: If an error occurs when building LAMMPS, the compiler
or linker will state very explicitly what the problem is. The error
message should give you a hint as to which of the steps above has
failed, and what you need to do in order to fix it. Building a code
with a Makefile is a very logical process. The compiler and linker
need to find the appropriate files and those files need to be
compatible with LAMMPS source files. When a make fails, there is
usually a very simple reason, which you or a local expert will need to
fix.
</P>
<P>Here are two non-obvious errors that can occur:
</P>
<P>(1) If the make command breaks immediately with errors that indicate
it can't find files with a "*" in their names, this can be because
your machine's native make doesn't support wildcard expansion in a
makefile. Try gmake instead of make. If that doesn't work, try using
a -f switch with your make command to use a pre-generated
Makefile.list which explicitly lists all the needed files, e.g.
</P>
<PRE>make makelist
make -f Makefile.list linux
gmake -f Makefile.list mac
</PRE>
<P>The first "make" command will create a current Makefile.list with all
the file names in your src dir. The 2nd "make" command (make or
gmake) will use it to build LAMMPS. Note that you should
include/exclude any desired optional packages before using the "make
makelist" command.
</P>
<P>(2) If you get an error that says something like 'identifier "atoll"
is undefined', then your machine does not support "long long"
integers. Try using the -DLAMMPS_LONGLONG_TO_LONG setting described
above in Step 4.
</P>
<HR>
<A NAME = "start_2_4"></A><B><I>Additional build tips:</I></B>
<P>(1) Building LAMMPS for multiple platforms.
</P>
<P>You can make LAMMPS for multiple platforms from the same src
directory. Each target creates its own object sub-directory called
Obj_name where it stores the system-specific *.o files.
</P>
<P>(2) Cleaning up.
</P>
<P>Typing "make clean-all" or "make clean-foo" will delete *.o object
files created when LAMMPS is built, for either all builds or for a
particular machine.
</P>
<P>(3) Changing the size limits in src/lmptype.h
</P>
<P>If you are running a very large problem (billions of atoms or more)
and get a run-time error about the system being too big, either on a
per-processor basis or in total size, then you may need to change one
or more settings in src/lmptype.h and re-compile LAMMPS.
</P>
<P>As the documentation in that file explains, you have basically
two choices to make:
</P>
<UL><LI>set the data type size of integer atom IDs to 4 or 8 bytes
<LI>set the data type size of integers that store the total system size to 4 or 8 bytes
</UL>
<P>The default for atom IDs is 4-byte integers since there is a memory
and communication cost for 8-byte integers. Non-molecular problems do
not need atom IDs so this does not restrict their size. Molecular
problems (which use IDs to define molecular topology), are limited to
about 2 billion atoms (2^31) with 4-byte IDs. With 8-byte IDs they
are effectively unlimited in size (2^63).
</P>
<P>The default for total system size quantities (like the number of atoms
or timesteps) is 8-byte integers by default which is effectively
unlimited in size (2^63). If your system or MPI implementation does
not support 8-byte integers, an error will be generated, and you will
need to set "bigint" to 4-byte integers. This restricts your total
system size to about 2 billion atoms or timesteps (2^31).
</P>
<P>Note that in src/lmptype.h there are also settings for the MPI data
types associated with the integers that store atom IDs and total
system sizes, which need to be set consistent with the associated C
data types.
</P>
<P>In all cases, the size of problem that can be run on a per-processor
basis is limited by 4-byte integer storage to about 2 billion atoms
per processor (2^31), which should not normally be a restriction since
such a problem would have a huge per-processor memory footprint due to
neighbor lists and would run very slowly in terms of CPU
secs/timestep.
</P>
<HR>
<A NAME = "start_2_5"></A><B><I>Building for a Mac:</I></B>
<P>OS X is BSD Unix, so it should just work. See the Makefile.mac file.
</P>
<HR>
<A NAME = "start_2_6"></A><B><I>Building for Windows:</I></B>
<P>The LAMMPS download page has an option to download both a serial and
parallel pre-built Windows exeutable. See the <A HREF = "#start_5">Running
LAMMPS</A> section for instructions for running these
executables on a Windows box.
</P>
<P>If the pre-built executable doesn't have the options you want, then
you can build LAMMPS from its source files on a Windows box. One way
to do this is install and use cygwin to build LAMMPS with a standard
Linus make, just as you would on any Linux box; see
src/MAKE/Makefile.cygwin.
</P>
<P>There is a also a src/WINDOWS directory that contains project files
for Microsoft Visual Studio 2005, which should also work with later
versions of VS. That directory contains a README.txt file which
provides instructions for building LAMMPS from source code using
Visual Studio that are hopefully easy to follow for Windows and VS
users.
</P>
<P>Four VS project options are provided. The first includes the default
packages (MANYBODY, MOLECULE, and KSPACE). The second includes all
standard packages (except GPU, MEAM, and REAX which are not yet
included because they require NVIDIA or Fortran compilation). The
third includes all standard packages (with the exceptions) and some
user packages. The included user packages are USER-EFF, USER-CG-CMM,
and USER-REAXC. The fourth project includes the USER-AWPMD package.
</P>
<HR>
<H4><A NAME = "start_3"></A>2.3 Making LAMMPS with optional packages
</H4>
<P>This section has the following sub-sections:
</P>
<UL><LI><A HREF = "#start_3_1">Package basics</A>
<LI><A HREF = "#start_3_2">Including/excluding packages</A>
<LI><A HREF = "#start_3_3">Packages that require extra libraries</A>
<LI><A HREF = "#start_3_4">Additional Makefile settings for extra libraries</A>
</UL>
<HR>
<A NAME = "start_3_1"></A><B><I>Package basics:</I></B>
<P>The source code for LAMMPS is structured as a set of core files which
are always included, plus optional packages. Packages are groups of
files that enable a specific set of features. For example, force
fields for molecular systems or granular systems are in packages. You
can see the list of all packages by typing "make package" from within
the src directory of the LAMMPS distribution.
</P>
<P>If you use a command in a LAMMPS input script that is specific to a
particular package, you must have built LAMMPS with that package, else
you will get an error that the style is invalid or the command is
unknown. Every command's doc page specfies if it is part of a
package. You can also type
</P>
<PRE>lmp_machine -h
</PRE>
<P>to run your executable with the optional <A HREF = "#start_6">-h command-line
switch</A> for "help", which will list the styles and commands
known to your executable.
</P>
<P>There are two kinds of packages in LAMMPS, standard and user packages.
More information about the contents of standard and user packages is
given in <A HREF = "Section_packages.html">this section</A> of the manual. The
difference between standard and user packages is as follows:
</P>
<P>Standard packages are supported by the LAMMPS developers and are
written in a syntax and style consistent with the rest of LAMMPS.
This means we will answer questions about them, debug and fix them if
necessary, and keep them compatible with future changes to LAMMPS.
</P>
<P>User packages have been contributed by users, and always begin with
the user prefix. If they are a single command (single file), they are
typically in the user-misc package. Otherwise, they are a a set of
files grouped together which add a specific functionality to the code.
</P>
<P>User packages don't necessarily meet the requirements of the standard
packages. If you have problems using a feature provided in a user
package, you will likely need to contact the contributor directly to
get help. Information on how to submit additions you make to LAMMPS
as a user-contributed package is given in <A HREF = "Section_modify.html#mod_14">this
section</A> of the documentation.
</P>
<HR>
<A NAME = "start_3_2"></A><B><I>Including/excluding packages:</I></B>
<P>To use or not use a package you must include or exclude it before
building LAMMPS. From the src directory, this is typically as simple
as:
</P>
<PRE>make yes-colloid
make g++
</PRE>
<P>or
</P>
<PRE>make no-manybody
make g++
</PRE>
<P>Some packages have individual files that depend on other packages
being included. LAMMPS checks for this and does the right thing.
I.e. individual files are only included if their dependencies are
already included. Likewise, if a package is excluded, other files
dependent on that package are also excluded.
</P>
<P>The reason to exclude packages is if you will never run certain kinds
of simulations. For some packages, this will keep you from having to
build auxiliary libraries (see below), and will also produce a smaller
executable which may run a bit faster.
</P>
<P>When you download a LAMMPS tarball, these packages are pre-installed
in the src directory: KSPACE, MANYBODY,MOLECULE. When you download
LAMMPS source files from the SVN or Git repositories, no packages are
pre-installed.
</P>
<P>Packages are included or excluded by typing "make yes-name" or "make
no-name", where "name" is the name of the package in lower-case, e.g.
name = kspace for the KSPACE package or name = user-atc for the
USER-ATC package. You can also type "make yes-standard", "make
no-standard", "make yes-user", "make no-user", "make yes-all" or "make
no-all" to include/exclude various sets of packages. Type "make
package" to see the all of the package-related make options.
</P>
<P>IMPORTANT NOTE: Inclusion/exclusion of a package works by simply
moving files back and forth between the main src directory and
sub-directories with the package name (e.g. src/KSPACE, src/USER-ATC),
so that the files are seen or not seen when LAMMPS is built. After
you have included or excluded a package, you must re-build LAMMPS.
</P>
<P>Additional package-related make options exist to help manage LAMMPS
files that exist in both the src directory and in package
sub-directories. You do not normally need to use these commands
unless you are editing LAMMPS files or have downloaded a patch from
the LAMMPS WWW site.
</P>
<P>Typing "make package-update" will overwrite src files with files from
the package sub-directories if the package has been included. It
should be used after a patch is installed, since patches only update
the files in the package sub-directory, but not the src files. Typing
"make package-overwrite" will overwrite files in the package
sub-directories with src files.
</P>
<P>Typing "make package-status" will show which packages are currently
included. Of those that are included, it will list files that are
different in the src directory and package sub-directory. Typing
"make package-diff" lists all differences between these files. Again,
type "make package" to see all of the package-related make options.
</P>
<HR>
<A NAME = "start_3_3"></A><B><I>Packages that require extra libraries:</I></B>
<P>A few of the standard and user packages require additional auxiliary
libraries to be compiled first. If you get a LAMMPS build error about
a missing library, this is likely the reason. The source code for
these libraries is included in the LAMMPS distribution under the "lib"
directory. Look at the lib/README file for a list of these or see
<A HREF = "Section_packages.html">this section</A> of the doc pages.
</P>
<P>Each lib directory has a README file (e.g. lib/reax/README) with
instructions on how to build that library. Typically this is done
in this manner:
</P>
<PRE>make -f Makefile.g++
</PRE>
<P>in the appropriate directory, e.g. in lib/reax. Some of the libraries
do not build this way. Again, see the libary README file for details.
</P>
<P>In any event, you will need to use a Makefile that is a match for your
system. If one of the provided Makefiles is not appropriate for your
system you will need to edit or add one. For example, in the case of
Fortran-based libraries, your system must have a Fortran compiler, the
settings for which will need to be listed in the Makefile.
</P>
<P>When you have built one of these libraries, there are 2 things to
check:
</P>
<P>(1) The file libname.a should now exist in lib/name.
E.g. lib/reax/libreax.a. This is the library file LAMMPS will link
against. One exception is the lib/cuda library which produces the
file liblammpscuda.a, because there is already a system library
libcuda.a.
</P>
<P>(2) The file Makefile.lammps should exist in lib/name. E.g.
lib/cuda/Makefile.lammps. This file may be auto-generated by the
build of the library, or you may need to make a copy of the
appropriate provided file (e.g. lib/meam/Makefile.lammps.gfortran).
Either way you should insure that the settings in this file are
appropriate for your system.
</P>
<P>There are typically 3 settings in the Makefile.lammps file (unless
some are blank or not needed): a SYSINC, SYSPATH, and SYSLIB setting,
specific to this package. These are settings the LAMMPS build will
import when compiling the LAMMPS package files (not the library
files), and linking to the auxiliary library. They typically list any
other system libraries needed to support the package and where to find
them. An example is the BLAS and LAPACK libraries needed by the
USER-ATC package. Or the system libraries that support calling
Fortran from C++, as the MEAM and REAX packages do.
</P>
<P>Note that if these settings are not correct for your box, the LAMMPS
build will likely fail.
</P>
<HR>
<H4><A NAME = "start_4"></A>2.4 Building LAMMPS as a library
</H4>
<P>LAMMPS itself can be built as a library, which can then be called from
another application or a scripting language. See <A HREF = "Section_howto.html#howto_10">this
section</A> for more info on coupling LAMMPS
to other codes. Building LAMMPS as a library is done by typing
</P>
<PRE>make makelib
make -f Makefile.lib foo
</PRE>
<P>where foo is the machine name. Note that inclusion or exclusion of
any desired optional packages should be done before typing "make
makelib". The first "make" command will create a current Makefile.lib
with all the file names in your src dir. The 2nd "make" command will
use it to build LAMMPS as a library. This requires that Makefile.foo
have a library target (lib) and system-specific settings for ARCHIVE
and ARFLAGS. See Makefile.linux for an example. The build will
create the file liblmp_foo.a which another application can link to.
</P>
<P>When used from a C++ program, the library allows one or more LAMMPS
objects to be instantiated. All of LAMMPS is wrapped in a LAMMPS_NS
namespace; you can safely use any of its classes and methods from
within your application code, as needed.
</P>
<P>When used from a C or Fortran program or a scripting language, the
library has a simple function-style interface, provided in
src/library.cpp and src/library.h.
</P>
<P>See the sample codes couple/simple/simple.cpp and simple.c as examples
of C++ and C codes that invoke LAMMPS thru its library interface.
There are other examples as well in the couple directory which are
discussed in <A HREF = "Section_howto.html#howto_10">this section</A> of the manual.
See <A HREF = "Section_python.html">this section</A> of the manual for a description
of the Python wrapper provided with LAMMPS that operates through the
LAMMPS library interface.
</P>
<P>The files src/library.cpp and library.h contain the C-style interface
to LAMMPS. See <A HREF = "Section_howto.html#howto_19">this section</A> of the
manual for a description of the interface and how to extend it for
your needs.
</P>
<HR>
<H4><A NAME = "start_5"></A>2.5 Running LAMMPS
</H4>
<P>By default, LAMMPS runs by reading commands from stdin; e.g. lmp_linux
< in.file. This means you first create an input script (e.g. in.file)
containing the desired commands. <A HREF = "Section_commands.html">This section</A>
describes how input scripts are structured and what commands they
contain.
</P>
<P>You can test LAMMPS on any of the sample inputs provided in the
examples or bench directory. Input scripts are named in.* and sample
outputs are named log.*.name.P where name is a machine and P is the
number of processors it was run on.
</P>
<P>Here is how you might run a standard Lennard-Jones benchmark on a
Linux box, using mpirun to launch a parallel job:
</P>
<PRE>cd src
make linux
cp lmp_linux ../bench
cd ../bench
mpirun -np 4 lmp_linux < in.lj
</PRE>
<P>See <A HREF = "http://lammps.sandia.gov/bench.html">this page</A> for timings for this and the other benchmarks
on various platforms.
</P>
<HR>
<P>On a Windows box, you can skip making LAMMPS and simply download an
executable, as described above, though the pre-packaged executables
include only certain packages.
</P>
<P>To run a LAMMPS executable on a Windows machine, first decide whether
you want to download the non-MPI (serial) or the MPI (parallel)
version of the executable. Download and save the version you have
chosen.
</P>
<P>For the non-MPI version, follow these steps:
</P>
<UL><LI>Get a command prompt by going to Start->Run... ,
then typing "cmd".
<LI>Move to the directory where you have saved lmp_win_no-mpi.exe
(e.g. by typing: cd "Documents").
<LI>At the command prompt, type "lmp_win_no-mpi -in in.lj", replacing in.lj
with the name of your LAMMPS input script.
</UL>
<P>For the MPI version, which allows you to run LAMMPS under Windows on
multiple processors, follow these steps:
</P>
<UL><LI>Download and install
<A HREF = "http://www.mcs.anl.gov/research/projects/mpich2/downloads/index.php?s=downloads">MPICH2</A>
for Windows.
<LI>You'll need to use the mpiexec.exe and smpd.exe files from the MPICH2 package. Put them in
same directory (or path) as the LAMMPS Windows executable.
<LI>Get a command prompt by going to Start->Run... ,
then typing "cmd".
<LI>Move to the directory where you have saved lmp_win_mpi.exe
(e.g. by typing: cd "Documents").
<LI>Then type something like this: "mpiexec -np 4 -localonly lmp_win_mpi -in in.lj",
replacing in.lj with the name of your LAMMPS input script.
<LI>Note that you may need to provide smpd with a passphrase --- it doesn't matter what you
type.
<LI>In this mode, output may not immediately show up on the screen, so
if your input script takes a long time to execute, you may need to be
patient before the output shows up.
<LI>Alternatively, you can still use this executable to run on a single processor by
typing something like: "lmp_win_mpi -in in.lj".
</UL>
<HR>
<P>The screen output from LAMMPS is described in the next section. As it
runs, LAMMPS also writes a log.lammps file with the same information.
</P>
<P>Note that this sequence of commands copies the LAMMPS executable
(lmp_linux) to the directory with the input files. This may not be
necessary, but some versions of MPI reset the working directory to
where the executable is, rather than leave it as the directory where
you launch mpirun from (if you launch lmp_linux on its own and not
under mpirun). If that happens, LAMMPS will look for additional input
files and write its output files to the executable directory, rather
than your working directory, which is probably not what you want.
</P>
<P>If LAMMPS encounters errors in the input script or while running a
simulation it will print an ERROR message and stop or a WARNING
message and continue. See <A HREF = "Section_errors.html">this section</A> for a
discussion of the various kinds of errors LAMMPS can or can't detect,
a list of all ERROR and WARNING messages, and what to do about them.
</P>
<P>LAMMPS can run a problem on any number of processors, including a
single processor. In theory you should get identical answers on any
number of processors and on any machine. In practice, numerical
round-off can cause slight differences and eventual divergence of
molecular dynamics phase space trajectories.
</P>
<P>LAMMPS can run as large a problem as will fit in the physical memory
of one or more processors. If you run out of memory, you must run on
more processors or setup a smaller problem.
</P>
<HR>
<H4><A NAME = "start_6"></A>2.6 Command-line options
</H4>
<P>At run time, LAMMPS recognizes several optional command-line switches
which may be used in any order. Either the full word or a one-or-two
letter abbreviation can be used:
</P>
<UL><LI>-c or -cuda
<LI>-e or -echo
<LI>-i or -in
<LI>-h or -help
<LI>-l or -log
<LI>-p or -partition
<LI>-pl or -plog
<LI>-ps or -pscreen
<LI>-sc or -screen
<LI>-sf or -suffix
<LI>-v or -var
</UL>
<P>For example, lmp_ibm might be launched as follows:
</P>
<PRE>mpirun -np 16 lmp_ibm -v f tmp.out -l my.log -sc none < in.alloy
mpirun -np 16 lmp_ibm -var f tmp.out -log my.log -screen none < in.alloy
</PRE>
<P>Here are the details on the options:
</P>
<PRE>-cuda on/off
</PRE>
<P>Explicitly enable or disable CUDA support, as provided by the
USER-CUDA package. If LAMMPS is built with this package, as described
above in <A HREF = "#start_3">Section 2.3</A>, then by default LAMMPS will run in
CUDA mode. If this switch is set to "off", then it will not, even if
it was built with the USER-CUDA package, which means you can run
standard LAMMPS or with the GPU package for testing or benchmarking
purposes. The only reason to set the switch to "on", is to check if
LAMMPS was built with the USER-CUDA package, since an error will be
generated if it was not.
</P>
<PRE>-echo style
</PRE>
<P>Set the style of command echoing. The style can be <I>none</I> or <I>screen</I>
or <I>log</I> or <I>both</I>. Depending on the style, each command read from
the input script will be echoed to the screen and/or logfile. This
can be useful to figure out which line of your script is causing an
input error. The default value is <I>log</I>. The echo style can also be
set by using the <A HREF = "echo.html">echo</A> command in the input script itself.
</P>
<PRE>-in file
</PRE>
<P>Specify a file to use as an input script. This is an optional switch
when running LAMMPS in one-partition mode. If it is not specified,
LAMMPS reads its input script from stdin - e.g. lmp_linux < in.run.
This is a required switch when running LAMMPS in multi-partition mode,
since multiple processors cannot all read from stdin.
</P>
<PRE>-help
</PRE>
<P>Print a list of options compiled into this executable for each LAMMPS
style (atom_style, fix, compute, pair_style, bond_style, etc). This
can help you know if the command you want to use was included via the
appropriate package. LAMMPS will print the info and immediately exit
if this switch is used.
</P>
<PRE>-log file
</PRE>
<P>Specify a log file for LAMMPS to write status information to. In
one-partition mode, if the switch is not used, LAMMPS writes to the
file log.lammps. If this switch is used, LAMMPS writes to the
specified file. In multi-partition mode, if the switch is not used, a
log.lammps file is created with hi-level status information. Each
partition also writes to a log.lammps.N file where N is the partition
ID. If the switch is specified in multi-partition mode, the hi-level
logfile is named "file" and each partition also logs information to a
file.N. For both one-partition and multi-partition mode, if the
specified file is "none", then no log files are created. Using a
<A HREF = "log.html">log</A> command in the input script will override this setting.
Option -plog will override the name of the partition log files file.N.
</P>
<PRE>-partition 8x2 4 5 ...
</PRE>
<P>Invoke LAMMPS in multi-partition mode. When LAMMPS is run on P
processors and this switch is not used, LAMMPS runs in one partition,
i.e. all P processors run a single simulation. If this switch is
used, the P processors are split into separate partitions and each
partition runs its own simulation. The arguments to the switch
specify the number of processors in each partition. Arguments of the
form MxN mean M partitions, each with N processors. Arguments of the
form N mean a single partition with N processors. The sum of
processors in all partitions must equal P. Thus the command
"-partition 8x2 4 5" has 10 partitions and runs on a total of 25
processors.
</P>
<P>Running with multiple partitions can e useful for running
<A HREF = "Section_howto.html#howto_5">multi-replica simulations</A>, where each
replica runs on on one or a few processors. Note that with MPI
installed on a machine (e.g. your desktop), you can run on more
(virtual) processors than you have physical processors.
</P>
<P>To run multiple independent simulatoins from one input script, using
multiple partitions, see <A HREF = "Section_howto.html#howto_4">this section</A> of
the manual. World- and universe-style <A HREF = "variable.html">variables</A> are
useful in this context.
</P>
<PRE>-plog file
</PRE>
<P>Specify the base name for the partition log files, so partition N
writes log information to file.N. If file is none, then no partition
log files are created. This overrides the filename specified in the
-log command-line option. This option is useful when working with
large numbers of partitions, allowing the partition log files to be
suppressed (-plog none) or placed in a sub-directory (-plog
replica_files/log.lammps) If this option is not used the log file for
partition N is log.lammps.N or whatever is specified by the -log
command-line option.
</P>
<PRE>-pscreen file
</PRE>
<P>Specify the base name for the partition screen file, so partition N
writes screen information to file.N. If file is none, then no
partition screen files are created. This overrides the filename
specified in the -screen command-line option. This option is useful
when working with large numbers of partitions, allowing the partition
screen files to be suppressed (-pscreen none) or placed in a
sub-directory (-pscreen replica_files/screen) If this option is not
used the screen file for partition N is screen.N or whatever is
specified by the -screen command-line option.
</P>
<PRE>-screen file
</PRE>
<P>Specify a file for LAMMPS to write its screen information to. In
one-partition mode, if the switch is not used, LAMMPS writes to the
screen. If this switch is used, LAMMPS writes to the specified file
instead and you will see no screen output. In multi-partition mode,
if the switch is not used, hi-level status information is written to
the screen. Each partition also writes to a screen.N file where N is
the partition ID. If the switch is specified in multi-partition mode,
the hi-level screen dump is named "file" and each partition also
writes screen information to a file.N. For both one-partition and
multi-partition mode, if the specified file is "none", then no screen
output is performed. Option -pscreen will override the name of the
partition screen files file.N.
</P>
<PRE>-suffix style
</PRE>
<P>Use variants of various styles if they exist. The specified style can
be <I>opt</I>, <I>omp</I>, <I>gpu</I>, or <I>cuda</I>. These refer to optional packages that
LAMMPS can be built with, as described above in <A HREF = "#start_3">Section
2.3</A>. The "opt" style corrsponds to the OPT package, the
"omp" style to the USER-OMP package, the "gpu" style to the GPU
package, and the "cuda" style to the USER-CUDA package.
</P>
<P>As an example, all of the packages provide a <A HREF = "pair_lj.html">pair_style
lj/cut</A> variant, with style names lj/cut/opt, lj/cut/omp,
lj/cut/gpu, or lj/cut/cuda. A variant styles can be specified
explicitly in your input script, e.g. pair_style lj/cut/gpu. If the
-suffix switch is used, you do not need to modify your input script.
The specified suffix (opt,omp,gpu,cuda) is automatically appended
whenever your input script command creates a new
<A HREF = "atom_style.html">atom</A>, <A HREF = "pair_style.html">pair</A>, <A HREF = "fix.html">fix</A>,
<A HREF = "compute.html">compute</A>, or <A HREF = "run_style.html">run</A> style. If the variant
version does not exist, the standard version is created.
</P>
<P>For the GPU package, using this command-line switch also invokes the
default GPU settings, as if the command "package gpu force/neigh 0 0
1" were used at the top of your input script. These settings can be
changed by using the <A HREF = "pacakge.html">package gpu</A> command in your script
if desired.
</P>
<P>For the OMP package, using this command-line switch also invokes the
default OMP settings, as if the command "package omp *" were used at
the top of your input script. These settings can be changed by using
the <A HREF = "pacakge.html">package omp</A> command in your script if desired.
</P>
<P>The <A HREF = "suffix.html">suffix</A> command can also set a suffix and it can also
turn off/on any suffix setting made via the command line.
</P>
<PRE>-var name value1 value2 ...
</PRE>
<P>Specify a variable that will be defined for substitution purposes when
the input script is read. "Name" is the variable name which can be a
single character (referenced as $x in the input script) or a full
string (referenced as ${abc}). An <A HREF = "variable.html">index-style
variable</A> will be created and populated with the
subsequent values, e.g. a set of filenames. Using this command-line
option is equivalent to putting the line "variable name index value1
value2 ..." at the beginning of the input script. Defining an index
variable as a command-line argument overrides any setting for the same
index variable in the input script, since index variables cannot be
re-defined. See the <A HREF = "variable.html">variable</A> command for more info on
defining index and other kinds of variables and <A HREF = "Section_commands.html#cmd_2">this
section</A> for more info on using variables
in input scripts.
</P>
<P>NOTE: Currently, the command-line parser looks for arguments that
start with "-" to indicate new switches. Thus you cannot specify
multiple variable values if any of they start with a "-", e.g. a
negative numeric value. It is OK if the first value1 starts with a
"-", since it is automatically skipped.
</P>
<HR>
<H4><A NAME = "start_7"></A>2.7 LAMMPS screen output
</H4>
<P>As LAMMPS reads an input script, it prints information to both the
screen and a log file about significant actions it takes to setup a
simulation. When the simulation is ready to begin, LAMMPS performs
various initializations and prints the amount of memory (in MBytes per
processor) that the simulation requires. It also prints details of
the initial thermodynamic state of the system. During the run itself,
thermodynamic information is printed periodically, every few
timesteps. When the run concludes, LAMMPS prints the final
thermodynamic state and a total run time for the simulation. It then
appends statistics about the CPU time and storage requirements for the
simulation. An example set of statistics is shown here:
</P>
<PRE>Loop time of 49.002 on 2 procs for 2004 atoms
</PRE>
<PRE>Pair time (%) = 35.0495 (71.5267)
Bond time (%) = 0.092046 (0.187841)
Kspce time (%) = 6.42073 (13.103)
Neigh time (%) = 2.73485 (5.5811)
Comm time (%) = 1.50291 (3.06703)
Outpt time (%) = 0.013799 (0.0281601)
Other time (%) = 2.13669 (4.36041)
</PRE>
<PRE>Nlocal: 1002 ave, 1015 max, 989 min
Histogram: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Nghost: 8720 ave, 8724 max, 8716 min
Histogram: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Neighs: 354141 ave, 361422 max, 346860 min
Histogram: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
</PRE>
<PRE>Total # of neighbors = 708282
Ave neighs/atom = 353.434
Ave special neighs/atom = 2.34032
Number of reneighborings = 42
Dangerous reneighborings = 2
</PRE>
<P>The first section gives the breakdown of the CPU run time (in seconds)
into major categories. The second section lists the number of owned
atoms (Nlocal), ghost atoms (Nghost), and pair-wise neighbors stored
per processor. The max and min values give the spread of these values
across processors with a 10-bin histogram showing the distribution.
The total number of histogram counts is equal to the number of
processors.
</P>
<P>The last section gives aggregate statistics for pair-wise neighbors
and special neighbors that LAMMPS keeps track of (see the
<A HREF = "special_bonds.html">special_bonds</A> command). The number of times
neighbor lists were rebuilt during the run is given as well as the
number of potentially "dangerous" rebuilds. If atom movement
triggered neighbor list rebuilding (see the
<A HREF = "neigh_modify.html">neigh_modify</A> command), then dangerous
reneighborings are those that were triggered on the first timestep
atom movement was checked for. If this count is non-zero you may wish
to reduce the delay factor to insure no force interactions are missed
by atoms moving beyond the neighbor skin distance before a rebuild
takes place.
</P>
<P>If an energy minimization was performed via the
<A HREF = "minimize.html">minimize</A> command, additional information is printed,
e.g.
</P>
<PRE>Minimization stats:
E initial, next-to-last, final = -0.895962 -2.94193 -2.94342
Gradient 2-norm init/final= 1920.78 20.9992
Gradient inf-norm init/final= 304.283 9.61216
Iterations = 36
Force evaluations = 177
</PRE>
<P>The first line lists the initial and final energy, as well as the
energy on the next-to-last iteration. The next 2 lines give a measure
of the gradient of the energy (force on all atoms). The 2-norm is the
"length" of this force vector; the inf-norm is the largest component.
The last 2 lines are statistics on how many iterations and
force-evaluations the minimizer required. Multiple force evaluations
are typically done at each iteration to perform a 1d line minimization
in the search direction.
</P>
<P>If a <A HREF = "kspace_style.html">kspace_style</A> long-range Coulombics solve was
performed during the run (PPPM, Ewald), then additional information is
printed, e.g.
</P>
<PRE>FFT time (% of Kspce) = 0.200313 (8.34477)
FFT Gflps 3d 1d-only = 2.31074 9.19989
</PRE>
<P>The first line gives the time spent doing 3d FFTs (4 per timestep) and
the fraction it represents of the total KSpace time (listed above).
Each 3d FFT requires computation (3 sets of 1d FFTs) and communication
(transposes). The total flops performed is 5Nlog_2(N), where N is the
number of points in the 3d grid. The FFTs are timed with and without
the communication and a Gflop rate is computed. The 3d rate is with
communication; the 1d rate is without (just the 1d FFTs). Thus you
can estimate what fraction of your FFT time was spent in
communication, roughly 75% in the example above.
</P>
<HR>
<H4><A NAME = "start_8"></A>2.8 Tips for users of previous LAMMPS versions
</H4>
<P>The current C++ began with a complete rewrite of LAMMPS 2001, which
was written in F90. Features of earlier versions of LAMMPS are listed
in <A HREF = "Section_history.html">this section</A>. The F90 and F77 versions
(2001 and 99) are also freely distributed as open-source codes; check
the <A HREF = "http://lammps.sandia.gov">LAMMPS WWW Site</A> for distribution information if you prefer
those versions. The 99 and 2001 versions are no longer under active
development; they do not have all the features of C++ LAMMPS.
</P>
<P>If you are a previous user of LAMMPS 2001, these are the most
significant changes you will notice in C++ LAMMPS:
</P>
<P>(1) The names and arguments of many input script commands have
changed. All commands are now a single word (e.g. read_data instead
of read data).
</P>
<P>(2) All the functionality of LAMMPS 2001 is included in C++ LAMMPS,
but you may need to specify the relevant commands in different ways.
</P>
<P>(3) The format of the data file can be streamlined for some problems.
See the <A HREF = "read_data.html">read_data</A> command for details. The data file
section "Nonbond Coeff" has been renamed to "Pair Coeff" in C++ LAMMPS.
</P>
<P>(4) Binary restart files written by LAMMPS 2001 cannot be read by C++
LAMMPS with a <A HREF = "read_restart.html">read_restart</A> command. This is
because they were output by F90 which writes in a different binary
format than C or C++ writes or reads. Use the <I>restart2data</I> tool
provided with LAMMPS 2001 to convert the 2001 restart file to a text
data file. Then edit the data file as necessary before using the C++
LAMMPS <A HREF = "read_data.html">read_data</A> command to read it in.
</P>
<P>(5) There are numerous small numerical changes in C++ LAMMPS that mean
you will not get identical answers when comparing to a 2001 run.
However, your initial thermodynamic energy and MD trajectory should be
close if you have setup the problem for both codes the same.
</P>
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