Section_start.txt
bc446bb8b01bmaster

Section_start.txt
View Options

			"Previous Section"_Section_intro.html - "LAMMPS WWW Site"_lws - "LAMMPS Documentation"_ld - "LAMMPS Commands"_lc - "Next Section"_Section_commands.html :c

			:link(lws,http://lammps.sandia.gov)
			:link(ld,Manual.html)
			:link(lc,Section_commands.html#comm)

			:line

			2. Getting Started :h3

			This section describes how to build and run LAMMPS, for both new and
			experienced users.

			2.1 "What's in the LAMMPS distribution"_#start_1
			2.2 "Making LAMMPS"_#start_2
			2.3 "Making LAMMPS with optional packages"_#start_3
			2.4 "Building LAMMPS as a library"_#start_4
			2.5 "Running LAMMPS"_#start_5
			2.6 "Command-line options"_#start_6
			2.7 "Screen output"_#start_7
			2.8 "Tips for users of previous versions"_#start_8 :all(b)

			:line

			2.1 What's in the LAMMPS distribution :h4,link(start_1)

			When you download a LAMMPS tarball you will need to unzip and untar
			the downloaded file with the following commands, after placing the
			tarball in an appropriate directory.

			tar -xzvf lammps*.tar.gz :pre

			This will create a LAMMPS directory containing two files and several
			sub-directories:

			README: text file
			LICENSE: the GNU General Public License (GPL)
			bench: benchmark problems
			doc: documentation
			examples: simple test problems
			potentials: embedded atom method (EAM) potential files
			src: source files
			tools: pre- and post-processing tools :tb(s=:)

			Note that the "download page"_download also has links to download
			pre-build Windows installers, as well as pre-built packages for
			several widely used Linux distributions. It also has instructions
			for how to download/install LAMMPS for Macs (via Homebrew), and to
			download and update LAMMPS from SVN and Git repositories, which gives
			you access to the up-to-date sources that are used by the LAMMPS
			core developers.

			:link(download,http://lammps.sandia.gov/download.html)

			The Windows and Linux packages for serial or parallel include
			only selected packages and bug-fixes/upgrades listed on "this
			page"_http://lammps.sandia.gov/bug.html up to a certain date, as
			stated on the download page. If you want an executable with
			non-included packages or that is more current, then you'll need to
			build LAMMPS yourself, as discussed in the next section.

			Skip to the "Running LAMMPS"_#start_6 sections for info on how to
			launch a LAMMPS Windows executable on a Windows box.

			:line

			2.2 Making LAMMPS :h4,link(start_2)

			This section has the following sub-sections:

			2.2.1 "Read this first"_#start_2_1
			2.2.1 "Steps to build a LAMMPS executable"_#start_2_2
			2.2.3 "Common errors that can occur when making LAMMPS"_#start_2_3
			2.2.4 "Additional build tips"_#start_2_4
			2.2.5 "Building for a Mac"_#start_2_5
			2.2.6 "Building for Windows"_#start_2_6 :all(b)

			:line

			Read this first :h5,link(start_2_1)

			If you want to avoid building LAMMPS yourself, read the preceeding
			section about options available for downloading and installing
			executables. Details are discussed on the "download"_download page.

			Building LAMMPS can be simple or not-so-simple. If all you need are
			the default packages installed in LAMMPS, and MPI is already installed
			on your machine, or you just want to run LAMMPS in serial, then you
			can typically use the Makefile.mpi or Makefile.serial files in
			src/MAKE by typing one of these lines (from the src dir):

			make mpi
			make serial :pre

			Note that on a facility supercomputer, there are often "modules"
			loaded in your environment that provide the compilers and MPI you
			should use. In this case, the "mpicxx" compile/link command in
			Makefile.mpi should simply work by accessing those modules.

			It may be the case that one of the other Makefile.machine files in the
			src/MAKE sub-directories is a better match to your system (type "make"
			to see a list), you can use it as-is by typing (for example):

			make stampede :pre

			If any of these builds (with an existing Makefile.machine) works on
			your system, then you're done!

			If you need to install an optional package with a LAMMPS command you
			want to use, and the package does not depend on an extra library, you
			can simply type

			make name :pre

			before invoking (or re-invoking) the above steps. "Name" is the
			lower-case name of the package, e.g. replica or user-misc.

			If you want to do one of the following:

			use a LAMMPS command that requires an extra library (e.g. "dump image"_dump_image.html)
			build with a package that requires an extra library
			build with an accelerator package that requires special compiler/linker settings
			run on a machine that has its own compilers, settings, or libraries :ul

			then building LAMMPS is more complicated. You may need to find where
			extra libraries exist on your machine or install them if they don't.
			You may need to build extra libraries that are included in the LAMMPS
			distribution, before building LAMMPS itself. You may need to edit a
			Makefile.machine file to make it compatible with your system.

			Please read the following sections carefully. If you are not
			comfortable with makefiles, or building codes on a Unix platform, or
			running an MPI job on your machine, please find a local expert to help
			you. Many compilation, linking, and run problems users experience are
			often not LAMMPS issues - they are peculiar to the user's system,
			compilers, libraries, etc. Such questions are better answered by a
			local expert.

			If you have a build problem that you are convinced is a LAMMPS issue
			(e.g. the compiler complains about a line of LAMMPS source code), then
			please post the issue to the "LAMMPS mail
			list"_http://lammps.sandia.gov/mail.html.

			If you succeed in building LAMMPS on a new kind of machine, for which
			there isn't a similar machine Makefile included in the
			src/MAKE/MACHINES directory, then send it to the developers and we can
			include it in the LAMMPS distribution.

			:line

			Steps to build a LAMMPS executable :h5,link(start_2_2)

			Step 0 :h6

			The src directory contains the C++ source and header files for LAMMPS.
			It also contains a top-level Makefile and a MAKE sub-directory with
			low-level Makefile.* files for many systems and machines. See the
			src/MAKE/README file for a quick overview of what files are available
			and what sub-directories they are in.

			The src/MAKE dir has a few files that should work as-is on many
			platforms. The src/MAKE/OPTIONS dir has more that invoke additional
			compiler, MPI, and other setting options commonly used by LAMMPS, to
			illustrate their syntax. The src/MAKE/MACHINES dir has many more that
			have been tweaked or optimized for specific machines. These files are
			all good starting points if you find you need to change them for your
			machine. Put any file you edit into the src/MAKE/MINE directory and
			it will be never be touched by any LAMMPS updates.

			>From within the src directory, type "make" or "gmake". You should see
			a list of available choices from src/MAKE and all of its
			sub-directories. If one of those has the options you want or is the
			machine you want, you can type a command like:

			make mpi :pre
			or

			make serial :pre
			or

			gmake mac :pre

			Note that the corresponding Makefile.machine can exist in src/MAKE or
			any of its sub-directories. If a file with the same name appears in
			multiple places (not a good idea), the order they are used is as
			follows: src/MAKE/MINE, src/MAKE, src/MAKE/OPTIONS, src/MAKE/MACHINES.
			This gives preference to a file you have created/edited and put in
			src/MAKE/MINE.

			Note that on a multi-processor or multi-core platform you can launch a
			parallel make, by using the "-j" switch with the make command, which
			will build LAMMPS more quickly.

			If you get no errors and an executable like [lmp_mpi] or [lmp_serial]
			or [lmp_mac] is produced, then you're done; it's your lucky day.

			Note that by default only a few of LAMMPS optional packages are
			installed. To build LAMMPS with optional packages, see "this
			section"_#start_3 below.

			Step 1 :h6

			If Step 0 did not work, you will need to create a low-level Makefile
			for your machine, like Makefile.foo. You should make a copy of an
			existing Makefile.* in src/MAKE or one of its sub-directories as a
			starting point. The only portions of the file you need to edit are
			the first line, the "compiler/linker settings" section, and the
			"LAMMPS-specific settings" section. When it works, put the edited
			file in src/MAKE/MINE and it will not be altered by any future LAMMPS
			updates.

			Step 2 :h6

			Change the first line of Makefile.foo to list the word "foo" after the
			"#", and whatever other options it will set. This is the line you
			will see if you just type "make".

			Step 3 :h6

			The "compiler/linker settings" section lists compiler and linker
			settings for your C++ compiler, including optimization flags. You can
			use g++, the open-source GNU compiler, which is available on all Unix
			systems. You can also use mpicxx which will typically be available if
			MPI is installed on your system, though you should check which actual
			compiler it wraps. Vendor compilers often produce faster code. On
			boxes with Intel CPUs, we suggest using the Intel icc compiler, which
			can be downloaded from "Intel's compiler site"_intel.

			:link(intel,http://www.intel.com/software/products/noncom)

			If building a C++ code on your machine requires additional libraries,
			then you should list them as part of the LIB variable. You should
			not need to do this if you use mpicxx.

			The DEPFLAGS setting is what triggers the C++ compiler to create a
			dependency list for a source file. This speeds re-compilation when
			source (.cpp) or header (.h) files are edited. Some compilers do
			not support dependency file creation, or may use a different switch
			than -D. GNU g++ and Intel icc works with -D. If your compiler can't
			create dependency files, then you'll need to create a Makefile.foo
			patterned after Makefile.storm, which uses different rules that do not
			involve dependency files. Note that when you build LAMMPS for the
			first time on a new platform, a long list of *.d files will be printed
			out rapidly. This is not an error; it is the Makefile doing its
			normal creation of dependencies.

			Step 4 :h6

			The "system-specific settings" section has several parts. Note that
			if you change any -D setting in this section, you should do a full
			re-compile, after typing "make clean" (which will describe different
			clean options).

			The LMP_INC variable is used to include options that turn on ifdefs
			within the LAMMPS code. The options that are currently recogized are:

			-DLAMMPS_GZIP
			-DLAMMPS_JPEG
			-DLAMMPS_PNG
			-DLAMMPS_FFMPEG
			-DLAMMPS_MEMALIGN
			-DLAMMPS_XDR
			-DLAMMPS_SMALLBIG
			-DLAMMPS_BIGBIG
			-DLAMMPS_SMALLSMALL
			-DLAMMPS_LONGLONG_TO_LONG
			-DLAMMPS_EXCEPTIONS
			-DPACK_ARRAY
			-DPACK_POINTER
			-DPACK_MEMCPY :ul

			The read_data and dump commands will read/write gzipped files if you
			compile with -DLAMMPS_GZIP. It requires that your machine supports
			the "popen()" function in the standard runtime library and that a gzip
			executable can be found by LAMMPS during a run.

			NOTE: on some clusters with high-speed networks, using the fork()
			library calls (required by popen()) can interfere with the fast
			communication library and lead to simulations using compressed output
			or input to hang or crash. For selected operations, compressed file
			I/O is also available using a compression library instead, which are
			provided in the COMPRESS package. From more details about compiling
			LAMMPS with packages, please see below.

			If you use -DLAMMPS_JPEG, the "dump image"_dump_image.html command
			will be able to write out JPEG image files. For JPEG files, you must
			also link LAMMPS with a JPEG library, as described below. If you use
			-DLAMMPS_PNG, the "dump image"_dump.html command will be able to write
			out PNG image files. For PNG files, you must also link LAMMPS with a
			PNG library, as described below. If neither of those two defines are
			used, LAMMPS will only be able to write out uncompressed PPM image
			files.

			If you use -DLAMMPS_FFMPEG, the "dump movie"_dump_image.html command
			will be available to support on-the-fly generation of rendered movies
			the need to store intermediate image files. It requires that your
			machines supports the "popen" function in the standard runtime library
			and that an FFmpeg executable can be found by LAMMPS during the run.

			NOTE: Similar to the note above, this option can conflict with
			high-speed networks, because it uses popen().

			Using -DLAMMPS_MEMALIGN=<bytes> enables the use of the
			posix_memalign() call instead of malloc() when large chunks or memory
			are allocated by LAMMPS. This can help to make more efficient use of
			vector instructions of modern CPUS, since dynamically allocated memory
			has to be aligned on larger than default byte boundaries (e.g. 16
			bytes instead of 8 bytes on x86 type platforms) for optimal
			performance.

			If you use -DLAMMPS_XDR, the build will include XDR compatibility
			files for doing particle dumps in XTC format. This is only necessary
			if your platform does have its own XDR files available. See the
			Restrictions section of the "dump"_dump.html command for details.

			Use at most one of the -DLAMMPS_SMALLBIG, -DLAMMPS_BIGBIG,
			-DLAMMPS_SMALLSMALL settings. The default is -DLAMMPS_SMALLBIG. These
			settings refer to use of 4-byte (small) vs 8-byte (big) integers
			within LAMMPS, as specified in src/lmptype.h. The only reason to use
			the BIGBIG setting is to enable simulation of huge molecular systems
			(which store bond topology info) with more than 2 billion atoms, or to
			track the image flags of moving atoms that wrap around a periodic box
			more than 512 times. Normally, the only reason to use SMALLSMALL is
			if your machine does not support 64-bit integers, though you can use
			SMALLSMALL setting if you are running in serial or on a desktop
			machine or small cluster where you will never run large systems or for
			long time (more than 2 billion atoms, more than 2 billion timesteps).
			See the "Additional build tips"_#start_2_4 section below for more
			details on these settings.

			Note that the USER-ATC package is not currently compatible with
			-DLAMMPS_BIGBIG. Also the GPU package requires the lib/gpu library to
			be compiled with the same setting, or the link will fail.

			The -DLAMMPS_LONGLONG_TO_LONG setting may be needed if your system or
			MPI version does not recognize "long long" data types. In this case a
			"long" data type is likely already 64-bits, in which case this setting
			will convert to that data type.

			The -DLAMMPS_EXCEPTIONS setting can be used to activate alternative
			versions of error handling inside of LAMMPS. This is useful when
			external codes drive LAMMPS as a library. Using this option, LAMMPS
			errors do not kill the caller. Instead, the call stack is unwound and
			control returns to the caller. The library interface provides the
			lammps_has_error() and lammps_get_last_error_message() functions to
			detect and find out more about a LAMMPS error.

			Using one of the -DPACK_ARRAY, -DPACK_POINTER, and -DPACK_MEMCPY
			options can make for faster parallel FFTs (in the PPPM solver) on some
			platforms. The -DPACK_ARRAY setting is the default. See the
			"kspace_style"_kspace_style.html command for info about PPPM. See
			Step 6 below for info about building LAMMPS with an FFT library.

			Step 5 :h6

			The 3 MPI variables are used to specify an MPI library to build LAMMPS
			with. Note that you do not need to set these if you use the MPI
			compiler mpicxx for your CC and LINK setting in the section above.
			The MPI wrapper knows where to find the needed files.

			If you want LAMMPS to run in parallel, you must have an MPI library
			installed on your platform. If MPI is installed on your system in the
			usual place (under /usr/local), you also may not need to specify these
			3 variables, assuming /usr/local is in your path. On some large
			parallel machines which use "modules" for their compile/link
			environements, you may simply need to include the correct module in
			your build environment, before building LAMMPS. Or the parallel
			machine may have a vendor-provided MPI which the compiler has no
			trouble finding.

			Failing this, these 3 variables can be used to specify where the mpi.h
			file (MPI_INC) and the MPI library file (MPI_PATH) are found and the
			name of the library file (MPI_LIB).

			If you are installing MPI yourself, we recommend Argonne's MPICH2
			or OpenMPI. MPICH can be downloaded from the "Argonne MPI
			site"_http://www.mcs.anl.gov/research/projects/mpich2/. OpenMPI can
			be downloaded from the "OpenMPI site"_http://www.open-mpi.org.
			Other MPI packages should also work. If you are running on a big
			parallel platform, your system people or the vendor should have
			already installed a version of MPI, which is likely to be faster
			than a self-installed MPICH or OpenMPI, so find out how to build
			and link with it. If you use MPICH or OpenMPI, you will have to
			configure and build it for your platform. The MPI configure script
			should have compiler options to enable you to use the same compiler
			you are using for the LAMMPS build, which can avoid problems that can
			arise when linking LAMMPS to the MPI library.

			If you just want to run LAMMPS on a single processor, you can use the
			dummy MPI library provided in src/STUBS, since you don't need a true
			MPI library installed on your system. See src/MAKE/Makefile.serial
			for how to specify the 3 MPI variables in this case. You will also
			need to build the STUBS library for your platform before making LAMMPS
			itself. Note that if you are building with src/MAKE/Makefile.serial,
			e.g. by typing "make serial", then the STUBS library is built for you.

			To build the STUBS library from the src directory, type "make
			mpi-stubs", or from the src/STUBS dir, type "make". This should
			create a libmpi_stubs.a file suitable for linking to LAMMPS. If the
			build fails, you will need to edit the STUBS/Makefile for your
			platform.

			The file STUBS/mpi.c provides a CPU timer function called MPI_Wtime()
			that calls gettimeofday() . If your system doesn't support
			gettimeofday() , you'll need to insert code to call another timer.
			Note that the ANSI-standard function clock() rolls over after an hour
			or so, and is therefore insufficient for timing long LAMMPS
			simulations.

			Step 6 :h6

			The 3 FFT variables allow you to specify an FFT library which LAMMPS
			uses (for performing 1d FFTs) when running the particle-particle
			particle-mesh (PPPM) option for long-range Coulombics via the
			"kspace_style"_kspace_style.html command.

			LAMMPS supports common open-source or vendor-supplied FFT libraries
			for this purpose. If you leave these 3 variables blank, LAMMPS will
			use the open-source "KISS FFT library"_http://kissfft.sf.net, which is
			included in the LAMMPS distribution. This library is portable to all
			platforms and for typical LAMMPS simulations is almost as fast as FFTW
			or vendor optimized libraries. If you are not including the KSPACE
			package in your build, you can also leave the 3 variables blank.

			Otherwise, select which kinds of FFTs to use as part of the FFT_INC
			setting by a switch of the form -DFFT_XXX. Recommended values for XXX
			are: MKL or FFTW3. FFTW2 and NONE are supported as legacy options.
			Selecting -DFFT_FFTW will use the FFTW3 library and -DFFT_NONE will
			use the KISS library described above.

			You may also need to set the FFT_INC, FFT_PATH, and FFT_LIB variables,
			so the compiler and linker can find the needed FFT header and library
			files. Note that on some large parallel machines which use "modules"
			for their compile/link environements, you may simply need to include
			the correct module in your build environment. Or the parallel machine
			may have a vendor-provided FFT library which the compiler has no
			trouble finding. See the src/MAKE/OPTIONS/Makefile.fftw file for an
			example of how to specify these variables to use the FFTW3 library.

			FFTW is fast, portable library that should also work on any platform
			and typically be faster than KISS FFT. You can download it from
			"www.fftw.org"_http://www.fftw.org. Both the legacy version 2.1.X and
			the newer 3.X versions are supported as -DFFT_FFTW2 or -DFFT_FFTW3.
			Building FFTW for your box should be as simple as ./configure; make;
			make install. The install command typically requires root privileges
			(e.g. invoke it via sudo), unless you specify a local directory with
			the "--prefix" option of configure. Type "./configure --help" to see
			various options.

			If you wish to have FFTW support for single-precision FFTs (see below
			about -DFFT_SINGLE) in addition to the default double-precision FFTs,
			you will need to build FFTW a second time for single-precision. For
			FFTW3, do this via:

			make clean
			./configure --enable-single; make; make install :pre

			which should produce the additional library libfftw3f.a.

			For FFTW2, do this:

			make clean
			./configure --enable-float --enable-type-prefix; make; make install :pre

			which should produce the additional library libsfftw.a and additional
			include file sfttw.a. Note that on some platforms FFTW2 has been
			pre-installed for both single- and double-precision, and may already
			have these files as well as libdfftw.a and dfftw.h for double
			precision.

			The FFT_INC variable also allows for a -DFFT_SINGLE setting that will
			use single-precision FFTs with PPPM, which can speed-up long-range
			calulations, particularly in parallel or on GPUs. Fourier transform
			and related PPPM operations are somewhat insensitive to floating point
			truncation errors and thus do not always need to be performed in
			double precision. Using the -DFFT_SINGLE setting trades off a little
			accuracy for reduced memory use and parallel communication costs for
			transposing 3d FFT data. Note that single precision FFTs have only
			been tested with the FFTW3, FFTW2, MKL, and KISS FFT options.

			When using -DFFT_SINGLE with FFTW3 or FFTW2, you need to build FFTW
			with support for single-precision, as explained above. For FFTW3 you
			also need to include -lfftw3f with the FFT_LIB setting, in addition to
			-lfftw3. For FFTW2, you also need to specify -DFFT_SIZE with the
			FFT_INC setting and -lsfftw with the FFT_LIB setting (in place of
			-lfftw). Similarly, if FFTW2 has been preinstalled with an explicit
			double-precision library (libdfftw.a and not the default libfftw.a),
			then you can specify -DFFT_SIZE (and not -DFFT_SINGLE), and specify
			-ldfftw to use double-precision FFTs.

			Step 7 :h6

			The 3 JPG variables allow you to specify a JPEG and/or PNG library
			which LAMMPS uses when writing out JPEG or PNG files via the "dump
			image"_dump_image.html command. These can be left blank if you do not
			use the -DLAMMPS_JPEG or -DLAMMPS_PNG switches discussed above in Step
			4, since in that case JPEG/PNG output will be disabled.

			A standard JPEG library usually goes by the name libjpeg.a or
			libjpeg.so and has an associated header file jpeglib.h. Whichever
			JPEG library you have on your platform, you'll need to set the
			appropriate JPG_INC, JPG_PATH, and JPG_LIB variables, so that the
			compiler and linker can find it.

			A standard PNG library usually goes by the name libpng.a or libpng.so
			and has an associated header file png.h. Whichever PNG library you
			have on your platform, you'll need to set the appropriate JPG_INC,
			JPG_PATH, and JPG_LIB variables, so that the compiler and linker can
			find it.

			As before, if these header and library files are in the usual place on
			your machine, you may not need to set these variables.

			Step 8 :h6

			Note that by default only a few of LAMMPS optional packages are
			installed. To build LAMMPS with optional packages, see "this
			section"_#start_3 below, before proceeding to Step 9.

			Step 9 :h6

			That's it. Once you have a correct Makefile.foo, and you have
			pre-built any other needed libraries (e.g. MPI, FFT, etc) all you need
			to do from the src directory is type something like this:

			make foo
			make -j N foo
			gmake foo
			gmake -j N foo :pre

			The -j or -j N switches perform a parallel build which can be much
			faster, depending on how many cores your compilation machine has. N
			is the number of cores the build runs on.

			You should get the executable lmp_foo when the build is complete.

			:line

			Errors that can occur when making LAMMPS: h5 :link(start_2_3)

			If an error occurs when building LAMMPS, the compiler or linker will
			state very explicitly what the problem is. The error message should
			give you a hint as to which of the steps above has failed, and what
			you need to do in order to fix it. Building a code with a Makefile is
			a very logical process. The compiler and linker need to find the
			appropriate files and those files need to be compatible with LAMMPS
			settings and source files. When a make fails, there is usually a very
			simple reason, which you or a local expert will need to fix.

			Here are two non-obvious errors that can occur:

			(1) If the make command breaks immediately with errors that indicate
			it can't find files with a "*" in their names, this can be because
			your machine's native make doesn't support wildcard expansion in a
			makefile. Try gmake instead of make. If that doesn't work, try using
			a -f switch with your make command to use a pre-generated
			Makefile.list which explicitly lists all the needed files, e.g.

			make makelist
			make -f Makefile.list linux
			gmake -f Makefile.list mac :pre

			The first "make" command will create a current Makefile.list with all
			the file names in your src dir. The 2nd "make" command (make or
			gmake) will use it to build LAMMPS. Note that you should
			include/exclude any desired optional packages before using the "make
			makelist" command.

			(2) If you get an error that says something like 'identifier "atoll"
			is undefined', then your machine does not support "long long"
			integers. Try using the -DLAMMPS_LONGLONG_TO_LONG setting described
			above in Step 4.

			:line

			Additional build tips :h5,link(start_2_4)

			Building LAMMPS for multiple platforms. :h6

			You can make LAMMPS for multiple platforms from the same src
			directory. Each target creates its own object sub-directory called
			Obj_target where it stores the system-specific *.o files.

			Cleaning up. :h6

			Typing "make clean-all" or "make clean-machine" will delete *.o object
			files created when LAMMPS is built, for either all builds or for a
			particular machine.

			Changing the LAMMPS size limits via -DLAMMPS_SMALLBIG or
			-DLAMMPS_BIGBIG or -DLAMMPS_SMALLSMALL :h6

			As explained above, any of these 3 settings can be specified on the
			LMP_INC line in your low-level src/MAKE/Makefile.foo.

			The default is -DLAMMPS_SMALLBIG which allows for systems with up to
			2^63 atoms and 2^63 timesteps (about 9e18). The atom limit is for
			atomic systems which do not store bond topology info and thus do not
			require atom IDs. If you use atom IDs for atomic systems (which is
			the default) or if you use a molecular model, which stores bond
			topology info and thus requires atom IDs, the limit is 2^31 atoms
			(about 2 billion). This is because the IDs are stored in 32-bit
			integers.

			Likewise, with this setting, the 3 image flags for each atom (see the
			"dump"_dump.html doc page for a discussion) are stored in a 32-bit
			integer, which means the atoms can only wrap around a periodic box (in
			each dimension) at most 512 times. If atoms move through the periodic
			box more than this many times, the image flags will "roll over",
			e.g. from 511 to -512, which can cause diagnostics like the
			mean-squared displacement, as calculated by the "compute
			msd"_compute_msd.html command, to be faulty.

			To allow for larger atomic systems with atom IDs or larger molecular
			systems or larger image flags, compile with -DLAMMPS_BIGBIG. This
			stores atom IDs and image flags in 64-bit integers. This enables
			atomic or molecular systems with atom IDS of up to 2^63 atoms (about
			9e18). And image flags will not "roll over" until they reach 2^20 =
			1048576.

			If your system does not support 8-byte integers, you will need to
			compile with the -DLAMMPS_SMALLSMALL setting. This will restrict the
			total number of atoms (for atomic or molecular systems) and timesteps
			to 2^31 (about 2 billion). Image flags will roll over at 2^9 = 512.

			Note that in src/lmptype.h there are definitions of all these data
			types as well as the MPI data types associated with them. The MPI
			types need to be consistent with the associated C data types, or else
			LAMMPS will generate a run-time error. As far as we know, the
			settings defined in src/lmptype.h are portable and work on every
			current system.

			In all cases, the size of problem that can be run on a per-processor
			basis is limited by 4-byte integer storage to 2^31 atoms per processor
			(about 2 billion). This should not normally be a limitation since such
			a problem would have a huge per-processor memory footprint due to
			neighbor lists and would run very slowly in terms of CPU secs/timestep.

			:line

			Building for a Mac :h5,link(start_2_5)

			OS X is a derivative of BSD Unix, so it should just work. See the
			src/MAKE/MACHINES/Makefile.mac and Makefile.mac_mpi files.

			:line

			Building for Windows :h5,link(start_2_6)

			If you want to build a Windows version of LAMMPS, you can build it
			yourself, but it may require some effort. LAMMPS expects a Unix-like
			build environment for the default build procedure. This can be done
			using either Cygwin or MinGW; the latter also exists as a ready-to-use
			Linux-to-Windows cross-compiler in several Linux distributions. In
			these cases, you can do the installation after installing several
			unix-style commands like make, grep, sed and bash with some shell
			utilities.

			For Cygwin and the MinGW cross-compilers, suitable makefiles are
			provided in src/MAKE/MACHINES. When using other compilers, like
			Visual C++ or Intel compilers for Windows, you may have to implement
			your own build system. Since none of the current LAMMPS core developers
			has significant experience building executables on Windows, we are
			happy to distribute contributed instructions and modifications, but
			we cannot provide support for those.

			With the so-called "Anniversary Update" to Windows 10, there is a
			Ubuntu Linux subsystem available for Windows, that can be installed
			and then used to compile/install LAMMPS as if you are running on a
			Ubuntu Linux system instead of Windows.

			As an alternative, you can download "daily builds" (and some older
			versions) of the installer packages from
			"rpm.lammps.org/windows.html"_http://rpm.lammps.org/windows.html.
			These executables are built with most optional packages and the
			download includes documentation, potential files, some tools and
			many examples, but no source code.

			:line

			2.3 Making LAMMPS with optional packages :h4,link(start_3)

			This section has the following sub-sections:

			2.3.1 "Package basics"_#start_3_1
			2.3.2 "Including/excluding packages"_#start_3_2
			2.3.3 "Packages that require extra libraries"_#start_3_3 :all(b)

			:line

			Package basics: :h5,link(start_3_1)

			The source code for LAMMPS is structured as a set of core files which
			are always included, plus optional packages. Packages are groups of
			files that enable a specific set of features. For example, force
			fields for molecular systems or granular systems are in packages.

			"Section 4"_Section_packages.html in the manual has details about all
			the packages, which come in two flavors: [standard] and [user]
			packages. It also has specific instructions for building LAMMPS with
			any package which requires an extra library. General instructions are
			below.

			You can see the list of all packages by typing "make package" from
			within the src directory of the LAMMPS distribution. It will also
			list various make commands that can be used to manage packages.

			If you use a command in a LAMMPS input script that is part of a
			package, you must have built LAMMPS with that package, else you will
			get an error that the style is invalid or the command is unknown.
			Every command's doc page specfies if it is part of a package. You can
			type

			lmp_machine -h :pre

			to run your executable with the optional "-h command-line
			switch"_#start_6 for "help", which will list the styles and commands
			known to your executable, and immediately exit.

			:line

			Including/excluding packages :h5,link(start_3_2)

			To use (or not use) a package you must install it (or un-install it)
			before building LAMMPS. From the src directory, this is as simple as:

			make yes-colloid
			make mpi :pre

			or

			make no-user-omp
			make mpi :pre

			NOTE: You should NOT install/un-install packages and build LAMMPS in a
			single make command using multiple targets, e.g. make yes-colloid mpi.
			This is because the make procedure creates a list of source files that
			will be out-of-date for the build if the package configuration changes
			within the same command.

			Any package can be installed or not in a LAMMPS build, independent of
			all other packages. However, some packages include files derived from
			files in other packages. LAMMPS checks for this and does the right
			thing. I.e. individual files are only included if their dependencies
			are already included. Likewise, if a package is excluded, other files
			dependent on that package are also excluded.

			NOTE: The one exception is that we do not recommend building with both
			the KOKKOS package installed and any of the other acceleration
			packages (GPU, OPT, USER-INTEL, USER-OMP) also installed. This is
			because of how Kokkos sometimes builds using a wrapper compiler which
			can make it difficult to invoke all the compile/link flags correctly
			for both Kokkos and non-Kokkos files.

			If you will never run simulations that use the features in a
			particular packages, there is no reason to include it in your build.
			For some packages, this will keep you from having to build extra
			libraries, and will also produce a smaller executable which may run a
			bit faster.

			When you download a LAMMPS tarball, three packages are pre-installed
			in the src directory -- KSPACE, MANYBODY, MOLECULE -- because they are
			so commonly used. When you download LAMMPS source files from the SVN
			or Git repositories, no packages are pre-installed.

			Packages are installed or un-installed by typing

			make yes-name
			make no-name :pre

			where "name" is the name of the package in lower-case, e.g. name =
			kspace for the KSPACE package or name = user-atc for the USER-ATC
			package. You can also type any of these commands:

			make yes-all \| install all packages
			make no-all \| un-install all packages
			make yes-standard or make yes-std \| install standard packages
			make no-standard or make no-std\| un-install standard packages
			make yes-user \| install user packages
			make no-user \| un-install user packages
			make yes-lib \| install packages that require extra libraries
			make no-lib \| un-install packages that require extra libraries
			make yes-ext \| install packages that require external libraries
			make no-ext \| un-install packages that require external libraries :tb(s=\|)

			which install/un-install various sets of packages. Typing "make
			package" will list all the these commands.

			NOTE: Installing or un-installing a package works by simply moving
			files back and forth between the main src directory and
			sub-directories with the package name (e.g. src/KSPACE, src/USER-ATC),
			so that the files are included or excluded when LAMMPS is built.
			After you have installed or un-installed a package, you must re-build
			LAMMPS for the action to take effect.

			The following make commands help manage files that exist in both the
			src directory and in package sub-directories. You do not normally
			need to use these commands unless you are editing LAMMPS files or have
			downloaded a patch from the LAMMPS web site.

			Typing "make package-status" or "make ps" will show which packages are
			currently installed. For those that are installed, it will list any
			files that are different in the src directory and package
			sub-directory.

			Typing "make package-update" or "make pu" will overwrite src files
			with files from the package sub-directories if the package is
			installed. It should be used after a patch has been applied, since
			patches only update the files in the package sub-directory, but not
			the src files.

			Typing "make package-overwrite" will overwrite files in the package
			sub-directories with src files.

			Typing "make package-diff" lists all differences between these files.

			Again, just type "make package" to see all of the package-related make
			options.

			:line

			Packages that require extra libraries :h5,link(start_3_3)

			A few of the standard and user packages require extra libraries. See
			"Section 4"_Section_packages.html for two tables of packages which
			indicate which ones require libraries. For each such package, the
			Section 4 doc page gives details on how to build the extra library,
			including how to download it if necessary. The basic ideas are
			summarized here.

			[System libraries:]

			Packages in the tables "Section 4"_Section_packages.html with a "sys"
			in the last column link to system libraries that typically already
			exist on your machine. E.g. the python package links to a system
			Python library. If your machine does not have the required library,
			you will have to download and install it on your machine, in either
			the system or user space.

			[Internal libraries:]

			Packages in the tables "Section 4"_Section_packages.html with an "int"
			in the last column link to internal libraries whose source code is
			included with LAMMPS, in the lib/name directory where name is the
			package name. You must first build the library in that directory
			before building LAMMPS with that package installed. E.g. the gpu
			package links to a library you build in the lib/gpu dir. You can
			often do the build in one step by typing "make lib-name args=..."
			from the src dir, with appropriate arguments. You can leave off the
			args to see a help message. See "Section 4"_Section_packages.html for
			details for each package.

			[External libraries:]

			Packages in the tables "Section 4"_Section_packages.html with an "ext"
			in the last column link to exernal libraries whose source code is not
			included with LAMMPS. You must first download and install the library
			before building LAMMPS with that package installed. E.g. the voronoi
			package links to the freely available "Voro++ library"_voro_home2. You
			can often do the download/build in one step by typing "make lib-name
			args=..." from the src dir, with appropriate arguments. You can leave
			off the args to see a help message. See "Section
			4"_Section_packages.html for details for each package.

			:link(voro_home2,http://math.lbl.gov/voro++)

			[Possible errors:]

			There are various common errors which can occur when building extra
			libraries or when building LAMMPS with packages that require the extra
			libraries.

			If you cannot build the extra library itself successfully, you may
			need to edit or create an appropriate Makefile for your machine, e.g.
			with appropriate compiler or system settings. Provided makefiles are
			typically in the lib/name directory. E.g. see the Makefile.* files in
			lib/gpu.

			The LAMMPS build often uses settings in a lib/name/Makefile.lammps
			file which either exists in the LAMMPS distribution or is created or
			copied from a lib/name/Makefile.lammps.* file when the library is
			built. If those settings are not correct for your machine you will
			need to edit or create an appropriate Makefile.lammps file.

			Package-specific details for these steps are given in "Section
			4"_Section_packages.html an in README files in the lib/name
			directories.

			[Compiler options needed for accelerator packages:]

			Several packages contain code that is optimized for specific hardware,
			e.g. CPU, KNL, or GPU. These are the OPT, GPU, KOKKOS, USER-INTEL,
			and USER-OMP packages. Compiling and linking the source files in
			these accelerator packages for optimal performance requires specific
			settings in the Makefile.machine file you use.

			A summary of the Makefile.machine settings needed for each of these
			packages is given in "Section 4"_Section_packages.html. More info is
			given on the doc pages that describe each package in detail:

			5.3.1 "USER-INTEL package"_accelerate_intel.html
			5.3.2 "GPU package"_accelerate_intel.html
			5.3.3 "KOKKOS package"_accelerate_kokkos.html
			5.3.4 "USER-OMP package"_accelerate_omp.html
			5.3.5 "OPT package"_accelerate_opt.html :all(b)

			You can also use or examine the following machine Makefiles in
			src/MAKE/OPTIONS, which include the settings. Note that the
			USER-INTEL and KOKKOS packages can use settings that build LAMMPS for
			different hardware. The USER-INTEL package can be compiled for Intel
			CPUs and KNLs; the KOKKOS package builds for CPUs (OpenMP), GPUs
			(Cuda), and Intel KNLs.

			Makefile.intel_cpu
			Makefile.intel_phi
			Makefile.kokkos_omp
			Makefile.kokkos_cuda
			Makefile.kokkos_phi
			Makefile.omp
			Makefile.opt :ul

			:line

			2.4 Building LAMMPS as a library :h4,link(start_4)

			LAMMPS can be built as either a static or shared library, which can
			then be called from another application or a scripting language. See
			"this section"_Section_howto.html#howto_10 for more info on coupling
			LAMMPS to other codes. See "this section"_Section_python.html for
			more info on wrapping and running LAMMPS from Python.

			Static library :h5

			To build LAMMPS as a static library (*.a file on Linux), type

			make foo mode=lib :pre

			where foo is the machine name. This kind of library is typically used
			to statically link a driver application to LAMMPS, so that you can
			insure all dependencies are satisfied at compile time. This will use
			the ARCHIVE and ARFLAGS settings in src/MAKE/Makefile.foo. The build
			will create the file liblammps_foo.a which another application can
			link to. It will also create a soft link liblammps.a, which will
			point to the most recently built static library.

			Shared library :h5

			To build LAMMPS as a shared library (*.so file on Linux), which can be
			dynamically loaded, e.g. from Python, type

			make foo mode=shlib :pre

			where foo is the machine name. This kind of library is required when
			wrapping LAMMPS with Python; see "Section 11"_Section_python.html
			for details. This will use the SHFLAGS and SHLIBFLAGS settings in
			src/MAKE/Makefile.foo and perform the build in the directory
			Obj_shared_foo. This is so that each file can be compiled with the
			-fPIC flag which is required for inclusion in a shared library. The
			build will create the file liblammps_foo.so which another application
			can link to dyamically. It will also create a soft link liblammps.so,
			which will point to the most recently built shared library. This is
			the file the Python wrapper loads by default.

			Note that for a shared library to be usable by a calling program, all
			the auxiliary libraries it depends on must also exist as shared
			libraries. This will be the case for libraries included with LAMMPS,
			such as the dummy MPI library in src/STUBS or any package libraries in
			lib/packages, since they are always built as shared libraries using
			the -fPIC switch. However, if a library like MPI or FFTW does not
			exist as a shared library, the shared library build will generate an
			error. This means you will need to install a shared library version
			of the auxiliary library. The build instructions for the library
			should tell you how to do this.

			Here is an example of such errors when the system FFTW or provided
			lib/colvars library have not been built as shared libraries:

			/usr/bin/ld: /usr/local/lib/libfftw3.a(mapflags.o): relocation
			R_X86_64_32 against '.rodata' can not be used when making a shared
			object; recompile with -fPIC
			/usr/local/lib/libfftw3.a: could not read symbols: Bad value :pre

			/usr/bin/ld: ../../lib/colvars/libcolvars.a(colvarmodule.o):
			relocation R_X86_64_32 against '__pthread_key_create' can not be used
			when making a shared object; recompile with -fPIC
			../../lib/colvars/libcolvars.a: error adding symbols: Bad value :pre

			As an example, here is how to build and install the "MPICH
			library"_mpich, a popular open-source version of MPI, distributed by
			Argonne National Labs, as a shared library in the default
			/usr/local/lib location:

			:link(mpich,http://www-unix.mcs.anl.gov/mpi)

			./configure --enable-shared
			make
			make install :pre

			You may need to use "sudo make install" in place of the last line if
			you do not have write privileges for /usr/local/lib. The end result
			should be the file /usr/local/lib/libmpich.so.

			[Additional requirement for using a shared library:] :h5

			The operating system finds shared libraries to load at run-time using
			the environment variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH. So you may wish to copy the
			file src/liblammps.so or src/liblammps_g++.so (for example) to a place
			the system can find it by default, such as /usr/local/lib, or you may
			wish to add the LAMMPS src directory to LD_LIBRARY_PATH, so that the
			current version of the shared library is always available to programs
			that use it.

			For the csh or tcsh shells, you would add something like this to your
			~/.cshrc file:

			setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH $\{LD_LIBRARY_PATH\}:/home/sjplimp/lammps/src :pre

			Calling the LAMMPS library :h5

			Either flavor of library (static or shared) allows one or more LAMMPS
			objects to be instantiated from the calling program.

			When used from a C++ program, all of LAMMPS is wrapped in a LAMMPS_NS
			namespace; you can safely use any of its classes and methods from
			within the calling code, as needed.

			When used from a C or Fortran program or a scripting language like
			Python, the library has a simple function-style interface, provided in
			src/library.cpp and src/library.h.

			See the sample codes in examples/COUPLE/simple for examples of C++ and
			C and Fortran codes that invoke LAMMPS thru its library interface.
			There are other examples as well in the COUPLE directory which are
			discussed in "Section 6.10"_Section_howto.html#howto_10 of the
			manual. See "Section 11"_Section_python.html of the manual for a
			description of the Python wrapper provided with LAMMPS that operates
			through the LAMMPS library interface.

			The files src/library.cpp and library.h define the C-style API for
			using LAMMPS as a library. See "Section
			6.19"_Section_howto.html#howto_19 of the manual for a description of the
			interface and how to extend it for your needs.

			:line

			2.5 Running LAMMPS :h4,link(start_5)

			By default, LAMMPS runs by reading commands from standard input. Thus
			if you run the LAMMPS executable by itself, e.g.

			lmp_linux :pre

			it will simply wait, expecting commands from the keyboard. Typically
			you should put commands in an input script and use I/O redirection,
			e.g.

			lmp_linux < in.file :pre

			For parallel environments this should also work. If it does not, use
			the '-in' command-line switch, e.g.

			lmp_linux -in in.file :pre

			"This section"_Section_commands.html describes how input scripts are
			structured and what commands they contain.

			You can test LAMMPS on any of the sample inputs provided in the
			examples or bench directory. Input scripts are named in.* and sample
			outputs are named log.*.name.P where name is a machine and P is the
			number of processors it was run on.

			Here is how you might run a standard Lennard-Jones benchmark on a
			Linux box, using mpirun to launch a parallel job:

			cd src
			make linux
			cp lmp_linux ../bench
			cd ../bench
			mpirun -np 4 lmp_linux -in in.lj :pre

			See "this page"_bench for timings for this and the other benchmarks on
			various platforms. Note that some of the example scripts require
			LAMMPS to be built with one or more of its optional packages.

			:link(bench,http://lammps.sandia.gov/bench.html)

			:line

			On a Windows box, you can skip making LAMMPS and simply download an
			installer package from "here"_http://rpm.lammps.org/windows.html

			For running the non-MPI executable, follow these steps:

			Get a command prompt by going to Start->Run... ,
			then typing "cmd". :ulb,l

			Move to the directory where you have your input, e.g. a copy of
			the [in.lj] input from the bench folder. (e.g. by typing: cd "Documents"). :l

			At the command prompt, type "lmp_serial -in in.lj", replacing [in.lj]
			with the name of your LAMMPS input script. :l
			:ule

			For the MPI version, which allows you to run LAMMPS under Windows on
			multiple processors, follow these steps:

			Download and install
			"MPICH2"_http://www.mcs.anl.gov/research/projects/mpich2/downloads/index.php?s=downloads
			for Windows. :ulb,l

			The LAMMPS Windows installer packages will automatically adjust your
			path for the default location of this MPI package. After the installation
			of the MPICH software, it needs to be integrated into the system.
			For this you need to start a Command Prompt in {Administrator Mode}
			(right click on the icon and select it). Change into the MPICH2
			installation directory, then into the subdirectory [bin] and execute
			[smpd.exe -install]. Exit the command window.

			Get a new, regular command prompt by going to Start->Run... ,
			then typing "cmd". :l

			Move to the directory where you have your input file
			(e.g. by typing: cd "Documents"). :l

			Then type something like this:

			mpiexec -localonly 4 lmp_mpi -in in.lj :pre
			or

			mpiexec -np 4 lmp_mpi -in in.lj :pre

			replacing in.lj with the name of your LAMMPS input script. For the latter
			case, you may be prompted to enter your password. :l

			In this mode, output may not immediately show up on the screen, so if
			your input script takes a long time to execute, you may need to be
			patient before the output shows up. :l

			The parallel executable can also run on a single processor by typing
			something like:

			lmp_mpi -in in.lj :pre

			:ule

			:line

			The screen output from LAMMPS is described in a section below. As it
			runs, LAMMPS also writes a log.lammps file with the same information.

			Note that this sequence of commands copies the LAMMPS executable
			(lmp_linux) to the directory with the input files. This may not be
			necessary, but some versions of MPI reset the working directory to
			where the executable is, rather than leave it as the directory where
			you launch mpirun from (if you launch lmp_linux on its own and not
			under mpirun). If that happens, LAMMPS will look for additional input
			files and write its output files to the executable directory, rather
			than your working directory, which is probably not what you want.

			If LAMMPS encounters errors in the input script or while running a
			simulation it will print an ERROR message and stop or a WARNING
			message and continue. See "Section 12"_Section_errors.html for a
			discussion of the various kinds of errors LAMMPS can or can't detect,
			a list of all ERROR and WARNING messages, and what to do about them.

			LAMMPS can run a problem on any number of processors, including a
			single processor. In theory you should get identical answers on any
			number of processors and on any machine. In practice, numerical
			round-off can cause slight differences and eventual divergence of
			molecular dynamics phase space trajectories.

			LAMMPS can run as large a problem as will fit in the physical memory
			of one or more processors. If you run out of memory, you must run on
			more processors or setup a smaller problem.

			:line

			2.6 Command-line options :h4,link(start_6)

			At run time, LAMMPS recognizes several optional command-line switches
			which may be used in any order. Either the full word or a one-or-two
			letter abbreviation can be used:

			-e or -echo
			-h or -help
			-i or -in
			-k or -kokkos
			-l or -log
			-nc or -nocite
			-pk or -package
			-p or -partition
			-pl or -plog
			-ps or -pscreen
			-r or -restart
			-ro or -reorder
			-sc or -screen
			-sf or -suffix
			-v or -var :ul

			For example, lmp_ibm might be launched as follows:

			mpirun -np 16 lmp_ibm -v f tmp.out -l my.log -sc none -in in.alloy
			mpirun -np 16 lmp_ibm -var f tmp.out -log my.log -screen none -in in.alloy :pre

			Here are the details on the options:

			-echo style :pre

			Set the style of command echoing. The style can be {none} or {screen}
			or {log} or {both}. Depending on the style, each command read from
			the input script will be echoed to the screen and/or logfile. This
			can be useful to figure out which line of your script is causing an
			input error. The default value is {log}. The echo style can also be
			set by using the "echo"_echo.html command in the input script itself.

			-help :pre

			Print a brief help summary and a list of options compiled into this
			executable for each LAMMPS style (atom_style, fix, compute,
			pair_style, bond_style, etc). This can tell you if the command you
			want to use was included via the appropriate package at compile time.
			LAMMPS will print the info and immediately exit if this switch is
			used.

			-in file :pre

			Specify a file to use as an input script. This is an optional switch
			when running LAMMPS in one-partition mode. If it is not specified,
			LAMMPS reads its script from standard input, typically from a script
			via I/O redirection; e.g. lmp_linux < in.run. I/O redirection should
			also work in parallel, but if it does not (in the unlikely case that
			an MPI implementation does not support it), then use the -in flag.
			Note that this is a required switch when running LAMMPS in
			multi-partition mode, since multiple processors cannot all read from
			stdin.

			-kokkos on/off keyword/value ... :pre

			Explicitly enable or disable KOKKOS support, as provided by the KOKKOS
			package. Even if LAMMPS is built with this package, as described
			above in "Section 2.3"_#start_3, this switch must be set to enable
			running with the KOKKOS-enabled styles the package provides. If the
			switch is not set (the default), LAMMPS will operate as if the KOKKOS
			package were not installed; i.e. you can run standard LAMMPS or with
			the GPU or USER-OMP packages, for testing or benchmarking purposes.

			Additional optional keyword/value pairs can be specified which
			determine how Kokkos will use the underlying hardware on your
			platform. These settings apply to each MPI task you launch via the
			"mpirun" or "mpiexec" command. You may choose to run one or more MPI
			tasks per physical node. Note that if you are running on a desktop
			machine, you typically have one physical node. On a cluster or
			supercomputer there may be dozens or 1000s of physical nodes.

			Either the full word or an abbreviation can be used for the keywords.
			Note that the keywords do not use a leading minus sign. I.e. the
			keyword is "t", not "-t". Also note that each of the keywords has a
			default setting. Example of when to use these options and what
			settings to use on different platforms is given in "Section
			5.3"_Section_accelerate.html#acc_3.

			d or device
			g or gpus
			t or threads
			n or numa :ul

			device Nd :pre

			This option is only relevant if you built LAMMPS with CUDA=yes, you
			have more than one GPU per node, and if you are running with only one
			MPI task per node. The Nd setting is the ID of the GPU on the node to
			run on. By default Nd = 0. If you have multiple GPUs per node, they
			have consecutive IDs numbered as 0,1,2,etc. This setting allows you
			to launch multiple independent jobs on the node, each with a single
			MPI task per node, and assign each job to run on a different GPU.

			gpus Ng Ns :pre

			This option is only relevant if you built LAMMPS with CUDA=yes, you
			have more than one GPU per node, and you are running with multiple MPI
			tasks per node (up to one per GPU). The Ng setting is how many GPUs
			you will use. The Ns setting is optional. If set, it is the ID of a
			GPU to skip when assigning MPI tasks to GPUs. This may be useful if
			your desktop system reserves one GPU to drive the screen and the rest
			are intended for computational work like running LAMMPS. By default
			Ng = 1 and Ns is not set.

			Depending on which flavor of MPI you are running, LAMMPS will look for
			one of these 3 environment variables

			SLURM_LOCALID (various MPI variants compiled with SLURM support)
			MV2_COMM_WORLD_LOCAL_RANK (Mvapich)
			OMPI_COMM_WORLD_LOCAL_RANK (OpenMPI) :pre

			which are initialized by the "srun", "mpirun" or "mpiexec" commands.
			The environment variable setting for each MPI rank is used to assign a
			unique GPU ID to the MPI task.

			threads Nt :pre

			This option assigns Nt number of threads to each MPI task for
			performing work when Kokkos is executing in OpenMP or pthreads mode.
			The default is Nt = 1, which essentially runs in MPI-only mode. If
			there are Np MPI tasks per physical node, you generally want Np*Nt =
			the number of physical cores per node, to use your available hardware
			optimally. This also sets the number of threads used by the host when
			LAMMPS is compiled with CUDA=yes.

			numa Nm :pre

			This option is only relevant when using pthreads with hwloc support.
			In this case Nm defines the number of NUMA regions (typicaly sockets)
			on a node which will be utilizied by a single MPI rank. By default Nm
			= 1. If this option is used the total number of worker-threads per
			MPI rank is threads*numa. Currently it is always almost better to
			assign at least one MPI rank per NUMA region, and leave numa set to
			its default value of 1. This is because letting a single process span
			multiple NUMA regions induces a significant amount of cross NUMA data
			traffic which is slow.

			-log file :pre

			Specify a log file for LAMMPS to write status information to. In
			one-partition mode, if the switch is not used, LAMMPS writes to the
			file log.lammps. If this switch is used, LAMMPS writes to the
			specified file. In multi-partition mode, if the switch is not used, a
			log.lammps file is created with hi-level status information. Each
			partition also writes to a log.lammps.N file where N is the partition
			ID. If the switch is specified in multi-partition mode, the hi-level
			logfile is named "file" and each partition also logs information to a
			file.N. For both one-partition and multi-partition mode, if the
			specified file is "none", then no log files are created. Using a
			"log"_log.html command in the input script will override this setting.
			Option -plog will override the name of the partition log files file.N.

			-nocite :pre

			Disable writing the log.cite file which is normally written to list
			references for specific cite-able features used during a LAMMPS run.
			See the "citation page"_http://lammps.sandia.gov/cite.html for more
			details.

			-package style args .... :pre

			Invoke the "package"_package.html command with style and args. The
			syntax is the same as if the command appeared at the top of the input
			script. For example "-package gpu 2" or "-pk gpu 2" is the same as
			"package gpu 2"_package.html in the input script. The possible styles
			and args are documented on the "package"_package.html doc page. This
			switch can be used multiple times, e.g. to set options for the
			USER-INTEL and USER-OMP packages which can be used together.

			Along with the "-suffix" command-line switch, this is a convenient
			mechanism for invoking accelerator packages and their options without
			having to edit an input script.

			-partition 8x2 4 5 ... :pre

			Invoke LAMMPS in multi-partition mode. When LAMMPS is run on P
			processors and this switch is not used, LAMMPS runs in one partition,
			i.e. all P processors run a single simulation. If this switch is
			used, the P processors are split into separate partitions and each
			partition runs its own simulation. The arguments to the switch
			specify the number of processors in each partition. Arguments of the
			form MxN mean M partitions, each with N processors. Arguments of the
			form N mean a single partition with N processors. The sum of
			processors in all partitions must equal P. Thus the command
			"-partition 8x2 4 5" has 10 partitions and runs on a total of 25
			processors.

			Running with multiple partitions can e useful for running
			"multi-replica simulations"_Section_howto.html#howto_5, where each
			replica runs on on one or a few processors. Note that with MPI
			installed on a machine (e.g. your desktop), you can run on more
			(virtual) processors than you have physical processors.

			To run multiple independent simulatoins from one input script, using
			multiple partitions, see "Section 6.4"_Section_howto.html#howto_4
			of the manual. World- and universe-style "variables"_variable.html
			are useful in this context.

			-plog file :pre

			Specify the base name for the partition log files, so partition N
			writes log information to file.N. If file is none, then no partition
			log files are created. This overrides the filename specified in the
			-log command-line option. This option is useful when working with
			large numbers of partitions, allowing the partition log files to be
			suppressed (-plog none) or placed in a sub-directory (-plog
			replica_files/log.lammps) If this option is not used the log file for
			partition N is log.lammps.N or whatever is specified by the -log
			command-line option.

			-pscreen file :pre

			Specify the base name for the partition screen file, so partition N
			writes screen information to file.N. If file is none, then no
			partition screen files are created. This overrides the filename
			specified in the -screen command-line option. This option is useful
			when working with large numbers of partitions, allowing the partition
			screen files to be suppressed (-pscreen none) or placed in a
			sub-directory (-pscreen replica_files/screen). If this option is not
			used the screen file for partition N is screen.N or whatever is
			specified by the -screen command-line option.

			-restart restartfile {remap} datafile keyword value ... :pre

			Convert the restart file into a data file and immediately exit. This
			is the same operation as if the following 2-line input script were
			run:

			read_restart restartfile {remap}
			write_data datafile keyword value ... :pre

			Note that the specified restartfile and datafile can have wild-card
			characters ("*",%") as described by the
			"read_restart"_read_restart.html and "write_data"_write_data.html
			commands. But a filename such as file.* will need to be enclosed in
			quotes to avoid shell expansion of the "*" character.

			Note that following restartfile, the optional flag {remap} can be
			used. This has the same effect as adding it to the
			"read_restart"_read_restart.html command, as explained on its doc
			page. This is only useful if the reading of the restart file triggers
			an error that atoms have been lost. In that case, use of the remap
			flag should allow the data file to still be produced.

			Also note that following datafile, the same optional keyword/value
			pairs can be listed as used by the "write_data"_write_data.html
			command.

			-reorder nth N
			-reorder custom filename :pre

			Reorder the processors in the MPI communicator used to instantiate
			LAMMPS, in one of several ways. The original MPI communicator ranks
			all P processors from 0 to P-1. The mapping of these ranks to
			physical processors is done by MPI before LAMMPS begins. It may be
			useful in some cases to alter the rank order. E.g. to insure that
			cores within each node are ranked in a desired order. Or when using
			the "run_style verlet/split"_run_style.html command with 2 partitions
			to insure that a specific Kspace processor (in the 2nd partition) is
			matched up with a specific set of processors in the 1st partition.
			See the "Section 5"_Section_accelerate.html doc pages for
			more details.

			If the keyword {nth} is used with a setting {N}, then it means every
			Nth processor will be moved to the end of the ranking. This is useful
			when using the "run_style verlet/split"_run_style.html command with 2
			partitions via the -partition command-line switch. The first set of
			processors will be in the first partition, the 2nd set in the 2nd
			partition. The -reorder command-line switch can alter this so that
			the 1st N procs in the 1st partition and one proc in the 2nd partition
			will be ordered consecutively, e.g. as the cores on one physical node.
			This can boost performance. For example, if you use "-reorder nth 4"
			and "-partition 9 3" and you are running on 12 processors, the
			processors will be reordered from

			0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 :pre

			to

			0 1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10 3 7 11 :pre

			so that the processors in each partition will be

			0 1 2 4 5 6 8 9 10
			3 7 11 :pre

			See the "processors" command for how to insure processors from each
			partition could then be grouped optimally for quad-core nodes.

			If the keyword is {custom}, then a file that specifies a permutation
			of the processor ranks is also specified. The format of the reorder
			file is as follows. Any number of initial blank or comment lines
			(starting with a "#" character) can be present. These should be
			followed by P lines of the form:

			I J :pre

			where P is the number of processors LAMMPS was launched with. Note
			that if running in multi-partition mode (see the -partition switch
			above) P is the total number of processors in all partitions. The I
			and J values describe a permutation of the P processors. Every I and
			J should be values from 0 to P-1 inclusive. In the set of P I values,
			every proc ID should appear exactly once. Ditto for the set of P J
			values. A single I,J pairing means that the physical processor with
			rank I in the original MPI communicator will have rank J in the
			reordered communicator.

			Note that rank ordering can also be specified by many MPI
			implementations, either by environment variables that specify how to
			order physical processors, or by config files that specify what
			physical processors to assign to each MPI rank. The -reorder switch
			simply gives you a portable way to do this without relying on MPI
			itself. See the "processors out"_processors.html command for how
			to output info on the final assignment of physical processors to
			the LAMMPS simulation domain.

			-screen file :pre

			Specify a file for LAMMPS to write its screen information to. In
			one-partition mode, if the switch is not used, LAMMPS writes to the
			screen. If this switch is used, LAMMPS writes to the specified file
			instead and you will see no screen output. In multi-partition mode,
			if the switch is not used, hi-level status information is written to
			the screen. Each partition also writes to a screen.N file where N is
			the partition ID. If the switch is specified in multi-partition mode,
			the hi-level screen dump is named "file" and each partition also
			writes screen information to a file.N. For both one-partition and
			multi-partition mode, if the specified file is "none", then no screen
			output is performed. Option -pscreen will override the name of the
			partition screen files file.N.

			-suffix style args :pre

			Use variants of various styles if they exist. The specified style can
			be {cuda}, {gpu}, {intel}, {kk}, {omp}, {opt}, or {hybrid}. These
			refer to optional packages that LAMMPS can be built with, as described
			above in "Section 2.3"_#start_3. The "gpu" style corresponds to the
			GPU package, the "intel" style to the USER-INTEL package, the "kk"
			style to the KOKKOS package, the "opt" style to the OPT package, and
			the "omp" style to the USER-OMP package. The hybrid style is the only
			style that accepts arguments. It allows for two packages to be
			specified. The first package specified is the default and will be used
			if it is available. If no style is available for the first package,
			the style for the second package will be used if available. For
			example, "-suffix hybrid intel omp" will use styles from the
			USER-INTEL package if they are installed and available, but styles for
			the USER-OMP package otherwise.

			Along with the "-package" command-line switch, this is a convenient
			mechanism for invoking accelerator packages and their options without
			having to edit an input script.

			As an example, all of the packages provide a "pair_style
			lj/cut"_pair_lj.html variant, with style names lj/cut/gpu,
			lj/cut/intel, lj/cut/kk, lj/cut/omp, and lj/cut/opt. A variant style
			can be specified explicitly in your input script, e.g. pair_style
			lj/cut/gpu. If the -suffix switch is used the specified suffix
			(gpu,intel,kk,omp,opt) is automatically appended whenever your input
			script command creates a new "atom"_atom_style.html,
			"pair"_pair_style.html, "fix"_fix.html, "compute"_compute.html, or
			"run"_run_style.html style. If the variant version does not exist,
			the standard version is created.

			For the GPU package, using this command-line switch also invokes the
			default GPU settings, as if the command "package gpu 1" were used at
			the top of your input script. These settings can be changed by using
			the "-package gpu" command-line switch or the "package
			gpu"_package.html command in your script.

			For the USER-INTEL package, using this command-line switch also
			invokes the default USER-INTEL settings, as if the command "package
			intel 1" were used at the top of your input script. These settings
			can be changed by using the "-package intel" command-line switch or
			the "package intel"_package.html command in your script. If the
			USER-OMP package is also installed, the hybrid style with "intel omp"
			arguments can be used to make the omp suffix a second choice, if a
			requested style is not available in the USER-INTEL package. It will
			also invoke the default USER-OMP settings, as if the command "package
			omp 0" were used at the top of your input script. These settings can
			be changed by using the "-package omp" command-line switch or the
			"package omp"_package.html command in your script.

			For the KOKKOS package, using this command-line switch also invokes
			the default KOKKOS settings, as if the command "package kokkos" were
			used at the top of your input script. These settings can be changed
			by using the "-package kokkos" command-line switch or the "package
			kokkos"_package.html command in your script.

			For the OMP package, using this command-line switch also invokes the
			default OMP settings, as if the command "package omp 0" were used at
			the top of your input script. These settings can be changed by using
			the "-package omp" command-line switch or the "package
			omp"_package.html command in your script.

			The "suffix"_suffix.html command can also be used within an input
			script to set a suffix, or to turn off or back on any suffix setting
			made via the command line.

			-var name value1 value2 ... :pre

			Specify a variable that will be defined for substitution purposes when
			the input script is read. This switch can be used multiple times to
			define multiple variables. "Name" is the variable name which can be a
			single character (referenced as $x in the input script) or a full
			string (referenced as $\{abc\}). An "index-style
			variable"_variable.html will be created and populated with the
			subsequent values, e.g. a set of filenames. Using this command-line
			option is equivalent to putting the line "variable name index value1
			value2 ..." at the beginning of the input script. Defining an index
			variable as a command-line argument overrides any setting for the same
			index variable in the input script, since index variables cannot be
			re-defined. See the "variable"_variable.html command for more info on
			defining index and other kinds of variables and "this
			section"_Section_commands.html#cmd_2 for more info on using variables
			in input scripts.

			NOTE: Currently, the command-line parser looks for arguments that
			start with "-" to indicate new switches. Thus you cannot specify
			multiple variable values if any of they start with a "-", e.g. a
			negative numeric value. It is OK if the first value1 starts with a
			"-", since it is automatically skipped.

			:line

			2.7 LAMMPS screen output :h4,link(start_7)

			As LAMMPS reads an input script, it prints information to both the
			screen and a log file about significant actions it takes to setup a
			simulation. When the simulation is ready to begin, LAMMPS performs
			various initializations and prints the amount of memory (in MBytes per
			processor) that the simulation requires. It also prints details of
			the initial thermodynamic state of the system. During the run itself,
			thermodynamic information is printed periodically, every few
			timesteps. When the run concludes, LAMMPS prints the final
			thermodynamic state and a total run time for the simulation. It then
			appends statistics about the CPU time and storage requirements for the
			simulation. An example set of statistics is shown here:

			Loop time of 2.81192 on 4 procs for 300 steps with 2004 atoms :pre

			Performance: 18.436 ns/day 1.302 hours/ns 106.689 timesteps/s
			97.0% CPU use with 4 MPI tasks x no OpenMP threads :pre

			MPI task timings breakdown:
			Section \| min time \| avg time \| max time \|%varavg\| %total
			---------------------------------------------------------------
			Pair \| 1.9808 \| 2.0134 \| 2.0318 \| 1.4 \| 71.60
			Bond \| 0.0021894 \| 0.0060319 \| 0.010058 \| 4.7 \| 0.21
			Kspace \| 0.3207 \| 0.3366 \| 0.36616 \| 3.1 \| 11.97
			Neigh \| 0.28411 \| 0.28464 \| 0.28516 \| 0.1 \| 10.12
			Comm \| 0.075732 \| 0.077018 \| 0.07883 \| 0.4 \| 2.74
			Output \| 0.00030518 \| 0.00042665 \| 0.00078821 \| 1.0 \| 0.02
			Modify \| 0.086606 \| 0.086631 \| 0.086668 \| 0.0 \| 3.08
			Other \| \| 0.007178 \| \| \| 0.26 :pre

			Nlocal: 501 ave 508 max 490 min
			Histogram: 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
			Nghost: 6586.25 ave 6628 max 6548 min
			Histogram: 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
			Neighs: 177007 ave 180562 max 170212 min
			Histogram: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 :pre

			Total # of neighbors = 708028
			Ave neighs/atom = 353.307
			Ave special neighs/atom = 2.34032
			Neighbor list builds = 26
			Dangerous builds = 0 :pre

			The first section provides a global loop timing summary. The {loop time}
			is the total wall time for the section. The {Performance} line is
			provided for convenience to help predicting the number of loop
			continuations required and for comparing performance with other,
			similar MD codes. The {CPU use} line provides the CPU utilzation per
			MPI task; it should be close to 100% times the number of OpenMP
			threads (or 1 of no OpenMP). Lower numbers correspond to delays due
			to file I/O or insufficient thread utilization.

			The MPI task section gives the breakdown of the CPU run time (in
			seconds) into major categories:

			{Pair} stands for all non-bonded force computation
			{Bond} stands for bonded interactions: bonds, angles, dihedrals, impropers
			{Kspace} stands for reciprocal space interactions: Ewald, PPPM, MSM
			{Neigh} stands for neighbor list construction
			{Comm} stands for communicating atoms and their properties
			{Output} stands for writing dumps and thermo output
			{Modify} stands for fixes and computes called by them
			{Other} is the remaining time :ul

			For each category, there is a breakdown of the least, average and most
			amount of wall time a processor spent on this section. Also you have the
			variation from the average time. Together these numbers allow to gauge
			the amount of load imbalance in this segment of the calculation. Ideally
			the difference between minimum, maximum and average is small and thus
			the variation from the average close to zero. The final column shows
			the percentage of the total loop time is spent in this section.

			When using the "timer full"_timer.html setting, an additional column
			is present that also prints the CPU utilization in percent. In
			addition, when using {timer full} and the "package omp"_package.html
			command are active, a similar timing summary of time spent in threaded
			regions to monitor thread utilization and load balance is provided. A
			new entry is the {Reduce} section, which lists the time spent in
			reducing the per-thread data elements to the storage for non-threaded
			computation. These thread timings are taking from the first MPI rank
			only and and thus, as the breakdown for MPI tasks can change from MPI
			rank to MPI rank, this breakdown can be very different for individual
			ranks. Here is an example output for this section:

			Thread timings breakdown (MPI rank 0):
			Total threaded time 0.6846 / 90.6%
			Section \| min time \| avg time \| max time \|%varavg\| %total
			---------------------------------------------------------------
			Pair \| 0.5127 \| 0.5147 \| 0.5167 \| 0.3 \| 75.18
			Bond \| 0.0043139 \| 0.0046779 \| 0.0050418 \| 0.5 \| 0.68
			Kspace \| 0.070572 \| 0.074541 \| 0.07851 \| 1.5 \| 10.89
			Neigh \| 0.084778 \| 0.086969 \| 0.089161 \| 0.7 \| 12.70
			Reduce \| 0.0036485 \| 0.003737 \| 0.0038254 \| 0.1 \| 0.55 :pre

			The third section lists the number of owned atoms (Nlocal), ghost atoms
			(Nghost), and pair-wise neighbors stored per processor. The max and min
			values give the spread of these values across processors with a 10-bin
			histogram showing the distribution. The total number of histogram counts
			is equal to the number of processors.

			The last section gives aggregate statistics for pair-wise neighbors
			and special neighbors that LAMMPS keeps track of (see the
			"special_bonds"_special_bonds.html command). The number of times
			neighbor lists were rebuilt during the run is given as well as the
			number of potentially "dangerous" rebuilds. If atom movement
			triggered neighbor list rebuilding (see the
			"neigh_modify"_neigh_modify.html command), then dangerous
			reneighborings are those that were triggered on the first timestep
			atom movement was checked for. If this count is non-zero you may wish
			to reduce the delay factor to insure no force interactions are missed
			by atoms moving beyond the neighbor skin distance before a rebuild
			takes place.

			If an energy minimization was performed via the
			"minimize"_minimize.html command, additional information is printed,
			e.g.

			Minimization stats:
			Stopping criterion = linesearch alpha is zero
			Energy initial, next-to-last, final =
			-6372.3765206 -8328.46998942 -8328.46998942
			Force two-norm initial, final = 1059.36 5.36874
			Force max component initial, final = 58.6026 1.46872
			Final line search alpha, max atom move = 2.7842e-10 4.0892e-10
			Iterations, force evaluations = 701 1516 :pre

			The first line prints the criterion that determined the minimization
			to be completed. The third line lists the initial and final energy,
			as well as the energy on the next-to-last iteration. The next 2 lines
			give a measure of the gradient of the energy (force on all atoms).
			The 2-norm is the "length" of this force vector; the inf-norm is the
			largest component. Then some information about the line search and
			statistics on how many iterations and force-evaluations the minimizer
			required. Multiple force evaluations are typically done at each
			iteration to perform a 1d line minimization in the search direction.

			If a "kspace_style"_kspace_style.html long-range Coulombics solve was
			performed during the run (PPPM, Ewald), then additional information is
			printed, e.g.

			FFT time (% of Kspce) = 0.200313 (8.34477)
			FFT Gflps 3d 1d-only = 2.31074 9.19989 :pre

			The first line gives the time spent doing 3d FFTs (4 per timestep) and
			the fraction it represents of the total KSpace time (listed above).
			Each 3d FFT requires computation (3 sets of 1d FFTs) and communication
			(transposes). The total flops performed is 5Nlog_2(N), where N is the
			number of points in the 3d grid. The FFTs are timed with and without
			the communication and a Gflop rate is computed. The 3d rate is with
			communication; the 1d rate is without (just the 1d FFTs). Thus you
			can estimate what fraction of your FFT time was spent in
			communication, roughly 75% in the example above.

			:line

			2.8 Tips for users of previous LAMMPS versions :h4,link(start_8)

			The current C++ began with a complete rewrite of LAMMPS 2001, which
			was written in F90. Features of earlier versions of LAMMPS are listed
			in "Section 13"_Section_history.html. The F90 and F77 versions
			(2001 and 99) are also freely distributed as open-source codes; check
			the "LAMMPS WWW Site"_lws for distribution information if you prefer
			those versions. The 99 and 2001 versions are no longer under active
			development; they do not have all the features of C++ LAMMPS.

			If you are a previous user of LAMMPS 2001, these are the most
			significant changes you will notice in C++ LAMMPS:

			(1) The names and arguments of many input script commands have
			changed. All commands are now a single word (e.g. read_data instead
			of read data).

			(2) All the functionality of LAMMPS 2001 is included in C++ LAMMPS,
			but you may need to specify the relevant commands in different ways.

			(3) The format of the data file can be streamlined for some problems.
			See the "read_data"_read_data.html command for details. The data file
			section "Nonbond Coeff" has been renamed to "Pair Coeff" in C++ LAMMPS.

			(4) Binary restart files written by LAMMPS 2001 cannot be read by C++
			LAMMPS with a "read_restart"_read_restart.html command. This is
			because they were output by F90 which writes in a different binary
			format than C or C++ writes or reads. Use the {restart2data} tool
			provided with LAMMPS 2001 to convert the 2001 restart file to a text
			data file. Then edit the data file as necessary before using the C++
			LAMMPS "read_data"_read_data.html command to read it in.

			(5) There are numerous small numerical changes in C++ LAMMPS that mean
			you will not get identical answers when comparing to a 2001 run.
			However, your initial thermodynamic energy and MD trajectory should be
			close if you have setup the problem for both codes the same.

lammps/doc/src/Section_start.txtbc446bb8b01bmaster

Section_start.txtView Options

lammps/doc/src/Section_start.txt
bc446bb8b01bmaster

Section_start.txt
View Options