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\subsection{Compilation remainder}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Compilation remainder}
\begin{itemize}
\item understanding the different compilation phases
\item what are {\tt Makefiles} ?
\item what happen to the application when using the different optimization flags ?
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\subsection{Back to the roots}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{{\tt 00111001011100110111...}}
{\bf Back to the roots}
\begin{itemize}
% \item a computer (in fact a processor or a CPU) understands nothing but {\bf ON} and {\bf OFF} (one or zero)
\item a computer (in fact a processor or a CPU) understands nothing but {\bf ON} and {\bf OFF} ({\tt 1} or {\tt 0})
\item There is a 4-stages process to transform a {\bf source code} from a programming language into {\it something} which is understandable by the processor (the {\bf Machine Code})
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Programming languages}
Different programming languages :
\begin{itemize}
\item {\bf C/C++} or {\bf Fortran} are high level compiled languages
% \item {\bf Matlab}, {\bf Python}, {\bf R} are high level interpreted languages
\end{itemize}
they are {\bf human readable} % and with a {\bf high level of abstraction}
\begin{itemize}
\item The {\bf assembly language} (depending on the CPU) is a {\bf low level language}
\end{itemize}
difficult to read. It calls only CPU instructions like a LOAD, a jump or a numerical operation.
\begin{itemize}
\item the {\bf machine code} (depending on the CPU) is the only {\bf language understandable by the processor}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Compilation}
\begin{alertblock}{Question}
How to produce machine code out of high-level language ? For instance from a {\tt C} source code ?
\end{alertblock}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Punch cards}
\begin{center}
{\includegraphics[width=11cm]{Day2/images/punch-card.jpg}}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Modern days : with a compiler}
\begin{center}
{\input{Day2/images/compilation_stages.tex}}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[containsverbatim]
\frametitle{Example with a C source}
\begin{lstlisting}[language=C,frame=lines]
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define up 10
int main() {
int i,n;
n = 0;
for (i = 0; i < up; i++){
n = n + 1;
}
return 0;
}
\end{lstlisting}
\url{https://gcc.godbolt.org/}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[containsverbatim]
\frametitle{Preprocessor ({\tt gcc -E})}
\begin{verbatim}
(...)
# 1 "/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/bits/stdlib-float.h" 1 3 4
# 956 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 2 3 4
# 968 "/usr/include/stdlib.h" 3 4
# 3 "very-simple.c" 2
int main() {
int i,n;
n = 0;
for (i = 0;i < 10; i++){
n = n + 1;
}
return 0;
}
\end{verbatim}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[containsverbatim]
\frametitle{Compiler ({\tt gcc -S})}
\begin{verbatim}
main:
.LFB2:
pushq %rbp
movq %rsp, %rbp
movl $0, -8(%rbp)
movl $0, -4(%rbp)
jmp .L2
.L3:
addl $1, -8(%rbp)
addl $1, -4(%rbp)
.L2:
cmpl $9, -4(%rbp)
jle .L3
movl $0, %eax
popq %rbp
ret
\end{verbatim}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[containsverbatim]
\frametitle{Assembler ({\tt gcc -c})}
\begin{verbatim}
0: 55 push %rbp
1: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp
4: c7 45 f8 00 00 00 00 movl $0x0,-0x8(%rbp)
b: c7 45 fc 00 00 00 00 movl $0x0,-0x4(%rbp)
12: eb 08 jmp 1c <main+0x1c>
14: 83 45 f8 01 addl $0x1,-0x8(%rbp)
18: 83 45 fc 01 addl $0x1,-0x4(%rbp)
1c: 83 7d fc 09 cmpl $0x9,-0x4(%rbp)
20: 7e f2 jle 14 <main+0x14>
22: b8 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%eax
27: 5d pop %rbp
28: c3 retq
\end{verbatim}
(using {\tt objdump -d file.o})
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[containsverbatim]
\frametitle{Linker ({\tt gcc -o})}
\begin{alertblock}{}
This last stage produces the actual executable (by linking against external libraries if required)
\end{alertblock}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[containsverbatim]
\frametitle{All stages in one command}
\begin{itemize}
\item In real life, it is very unusual that one go through all the stages separatly.
\item The two main phases are {\bf compilation} ({\tt gcc -c}) and {\bf linking} ({\tt gcc -o})
\end{itemize}
\begin{verbatim}
vkeller@deneb1:~]$ gcc -c file1.c -o file1.o
vkeller@deneb1:~]$ gcc -c file2.c -o file2.o
vkeller@deneb1:~]$ gcc file1.o file2.o -o app.exe
vkeller@deneb1:~]$ ./app.exe
\end{verbatim}
\begin{itemize}
\item or both at once :
\end{itemize}
\begin{verbatim}
vkeller@deneb1:~]$ gcc file1.c file2.c -o app.exe
vkeller@deneb1:~]$ ./app.exe
\end{verbatim}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{But ...}
\begin{itemize}
\item complexity whith multiple files
\item dependencies
\item need for a more complex tool : {\tt Makefiles} !
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\subsection{Makefile}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{About Makefiles}
\begin{itemize}
\item a {\tt Makefile} is nothing but a {\bf recipe} on how to produce an executable
\begin{itemize}
\item what to compile ?
\item how to compile ?
\item what to link ?
\item how to link ?
\end{itemize}
\item useful for large projects or for testing purpose
\item full (re)usage of {\tt variables}
\item The usual name is {\tt Makefile} or {\tt makefile} or specified when calling {\tt make -f special.makefile}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[containsverbatim]
\frametitle{What is contained in a Makefile ?}
As an example
\begin{itemize}
\item a source file {\tt poisson.c} to compile
\item you want to produce two executable versions :
\begin{itemize}
\item non-optimized with debug information
\item optimized
\end{itemize}
\item with the GNU compiler
\end{itemize}
\begin{verbatim}
gcc -O0 -g poisson.c -lm -o p-gcc-debug.exe
gcc -O3 -ftree-vectorize poisson.c -lm -o p-gcc-optim.exe
\end{verbatim}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[containsverbatim]
\frametitle{What is contained in a Makefile ?}
\begin{verbatim}
CC = gcc
CFLAGS = -O3 -ftree-vectorize
LDFLAGS = -lm
all: p-gcc-optim.exe
.o.c:
$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) $(OBJ) $<
OBJ = poisson.o
p-gcc-optim.exe:
$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(OBJ) -o $@
clean:
rm -f *.o p-gcc-optim.exe
\end{verbatim}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}[containsverbatim]
\frametitle{How to use the Makefile ?}
to get the optimized version :
\begin{verbatim}
make
\end{verbatim}
to get the non-optimized with debug information version :
\begin{verbatim}
make CFLAGS="-O0 -g"
\end{verbatim}
Optimized version with the Intel compiler ?
\begin{verbatim}
make CC=icc CFLAGS="-O3 -xHost" LDFLAGS=""
\end{verbatim}
or by editing the variables {\tt CC}, {\tt CFLAGS} and {\tt LDFLAGS} in the Makefile.
\end{frame}
\subsection{Optimization flags}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Compiler optimization}
\begin{itemize}
\item Different levels of optimization
\begin{itemize}
\item instructions level
\item datatype level
\item global level (inter-procedural optimization or ''IPO'')
\item loops level
\item machine code optimization
\end{itemize}
\item it is possible to optimize at each level
\item {\bf Optimization by compiler can lead to semantic changes} thus wrong results !
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Compiler optimization}
\begin{itemize}
\item {\tt gcc -O0} no optimization
\item {\tt gcc -O1} ''the compiler tries to reduce code size and execution time''
\item {\tt gcc -O2} ''performs nearly all supported optimizations that do not involve a space-speed tradeoff''
\item {\tt gcc -O3} ''optimize yet more. It is -O2 plus others''. Warning: this can change the code semantics.
\item {\tt gcc -Ofast} ''Disregard strict standards compliance.''
\item {\tt gcc -ftree-vectorize} ''perform vectorization on trees enables all -O3 optimizations plus -ffast-math''
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
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