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			package.json(5) -- Specifics of npm's package.json handling
			===========================================================

			## DESCRIPTION

			This document is all you need to know about what's required in your package.json
			file. It must be actual JSON, not just a JavaScript object literal.

			A lot of the behavior described in this document is affected by the config
			settings described in `npm-config(7)`.

			## name

			The most important things in your package.json are the name and version fields.
			Those are actually required, and your package won't install without
			them. The name and version together form an identifier that is assumed
			to be completely unique. Changes to the package should come along with
			changes to the version.

			The name is what your thing is called.

			Some rules:

			* The name must be less than or equal to 214 characters. This includes the scope for
			scoped packages.
			* The name can't start with a dot or an underscore.
			* New packages must not have uppercase letters in the name.
			* The name ends up being part of a URL, an argument on the command line, and a
			folder name. Therefore, the name can't contain any non-URL-safe characters.

			Some tips:

			* Don't use the same name as a core Node module.
			* Don't put "js" or "node" in the name. It's assumed that it's js, since you're
			writing a package.json file, and you can specify the engine using the "engines"
			field. (See below.)
			* The name will probably be passed as an argument to require(), so it should
			be something short, but also reasonably descriptive.
			* You may want to check the npm registry to see if there's something by that name
			already, before you get too attached to it. <https://www.npmjs.com/>

			A name can be optionally prefixed by a scope, e.g. `@myorg/mypackage`. See
			`npm-scope(7)` for more detail.

			## version

			The most important things in your package.json are the name and version fields.
			Those are actually required, and your package won't install without
			them. The name and version together form an identifier that is assumed
			to be completely unique. Changes to the package should come along with
			changes to the version.

			Version must be parseable by
			[node-semver](https://github.com/isaacs/node-semver), which is bundled
			with npm as a dependency. (`npm install semver` to use it yourself.)

			More on version numbers and ranges at semver(7).

			## description

			Put a description in it. It's a string. This helps people discover your
			package, as it's listed in `npm search`.

			## keywords

			Put keywords in it. It's an array of strings. This helps people
			discover your package as it's listed in `npm search`.

			## homepage

			The url to the project homepage.

			## bugs

			The url to your project's issue tracker and / or the email address to which
			issues should be reported. These are helpful for people who encounter issues
			with your package.

			It should look like this:

			{ "url" : "https://github.com/owner/project/issues"
			, "email" : "project@hostname.com"
			}

			You can specify either one or both values. If you want to provide only a url,
			you can specify the value for "bugs" as a simple string instead of an object.

			If a url is provided, it will be used by the `npm bugs` command.

			## license

			You should specify a license for your package so that people know how they are
			permitted to use it, and any restrictions you're placing on it.

			If you're using a common license such as BSD-2-Clause or MIT, add a
			current SPDX license identifier for the license you're using, like this:

			{ "license" : "BSD-3-Clause" }

			You can check [the full list of SPDX license IDs](https://spdx.org/licenses/).
			Ideally you should pick one that is
			[OSI](https://opensource.org/licenses/alphabetical) approved.

			If your package is licensed under multiple common licenses, use an [SPDX license
			expression syntax version 2.0 string](https://npmjs.com/package/spdx), like this:

			{ "license" : "(ISC OR GPL-3.0)" }

			If you are using a license that hasn't been assigned an SPDX identifier, or if
			you are using a custom license, use a string value like this one:

			{ "license" : "SEE LICENSE IN <filename>" }

			Then include a file named `<filename>` at the top level of the package.

			Some old packages used license objects or a "licenses" property containing an
			array of license objects:

			// Not valid metadata
			{ "license" :
			{ "type" : "ISC"
			, "url" : "http://opensource.org/licenses/ISC"
			}
			}

			// Not valid metadata
			{ "licenses" :
			[
			{ "type": "MIT"
			, "url": "http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php"
			}
			, { "type": "Apache-2.0"
			, "url": "http://opensource.org/licenses/apache2.0.php"
			}
			]
			}

			Those styles are now deprecated. Instead, use SPDX expressions, like this:

			{ "license": "ISC" }

			{ "license": "(MIT OR Apache-2.0)" }

			Finally, if you do not wish to grant others the right to use a private or
			unpublished package under any terms:

			{ "license": "UNLICENSED"}

			Consider also setting `"private": true` to prevent accidental publication.

			## people fields: author, contributors

			The "author" is one person. "contributors" is an array of people. A "person"
			is an object with a "name" field and optionally "url" and "email", like this:

			{ "name" : "Barney Rubble"
			, "email" : "b@rubble.com"
			, "url" : "http://barnyrubble.tumblr.com/"
			}

			Or you can shorten that all into a single string, and npm will parse it for you:

			"Barney Rubble <b@rubble.com> (http://barnyrubble.tumblr.com/)"

			Both email and url are optional either way.

			npm also sets a top-level "maintainers" field with your npm user info.

			## files

			The "files" field is an array of files to include in your project. If
			you name a folder in the array, then it will also include the files
			inside that folder. (Unless they would be ignored by another rule.)

			You can also provide a ".npmignore" file in the root of your package or
			in subdirectories, which will keep files from being included, even
			if they would be picked up by the files array. The `.npmignore` file
			works just like a `.gitignore`.

			Certain files are always included, regardless of settings:

			* `package.json`
			* `README`
			* `CHANGES` / `CHANGELOG` / `HISTORY`
			* `LICENSE` / `LICENCE`
			* `NOTICE`
			* The file in the "main" field

			`README`, `CHANGES`, `LICENSE` & `NOTICE` can have any case and extension.

			Conversely, some files are always ignored:

			* `.git`
			* `CVS`
			* `.svn`
			* `.hg`
			* `.lock-wscript`
			* `.wafpickle-N`
			* `.*.swp`
			* `.DS_Store`
			* `._*`
			* `npm-debug.log`
			* `.npmrc`
			* `node_modules`

			## main

			The main field is a module ID that is the primary entry point to your program.
			That is, if your package is named `foo`, and a user installs it, and then does
			`require("foo")`, then your main module's exports object will be returned.

			This should be a module ID relative to the root of your package folder.

			For most modules, it makes the most sense to have a main script and often not
			much else.

			## bin

			A lot of packages have one or more executable files that they'd like to
			install into the PATH. npm makes this pretty easy (in fact, it uses this
			feature to install the "npm" executable.)

			To use this, supply a `bin` field in your package.json which is a map of
			command name to local file name. On install, npm will symlink that file into
			`prefix/bin` for global installs, or `./node_modules/.bin/` for local
			installs.


			For example, myapp could have this:

			{ "bin" : { "myapp" : "./cli.js" } }

			So, when you install myapp, it'll create a symlink from the `cli.js` script to
			`/usr/local/bin/myapp`.

			If you have a single executable, and its name should be the name
			of the package, then you can just supply it as a string. For example:

			{ "name": "my-program"
			, "version": "1.2.5"
			, "bin": "./path/to/program" }

			would be the same as this:

			{ "name": "my-program"
			, "version": "1.2.5"
			, "bin" : { "my-program" : "./path/to/program" } }

			## man

			Specify either a single file or an array of filenames to put in place for the
			`man` program to find.

			If only a single file is provided, then it's installed such that it is the
			result from `man <pkgname>`, regardless of its actual filename. For example:

			{ "name" : "foo"
			, "version" : "1.2.3"
			, "description" : "A packaged foo fooer for fooing foos"
			, "main" : "foo.js"
			, "man" : "./man/doc.1"
			}

			would link the `./man/doc.1` file in such that it is the target for `man foo`

			If the filename doesn't start with the package name, then it's prefixed.
			So, this:

			{ "name" : "foo"
			, "version" : "1.2.3"
			, "description" : "A packaged foo fooer for fooing foos"
			, "main" : "foo.js"
			, "man" : [ "./man/foo.1", "./man/bar.1" ]
			}

			will create files to do `man foo` and `man foo-bar`.

			Man files must end with a number, and optionally a `.gz` suffix if they are
			compressed. The number dictates which man section the file is installed into.

			{ "name" : "foo"
			, "version" : "1.2.3"
			, "description" : "A packaged foo fooer for fooing foos"
			, "main" : "foo.js"
			, "man" : [ "./man/foo.1", "./man/foo.2" ]
			}

			will create entries for `man foo` and `man 2 foo`

			## directories

			The CommonJS [Packages](http://wiki.commonjs.org/wiki/Packages/1.0) spec details a
			few ways that you can indicate the structure of your package using a `directories`
			object. If you look at [npm's package.json](https://registry.npmjs.org/npm/latest),
			you'll see that it has directories for doc, lib, and man.

			In the future, this information may be used in other creative ways.

			### directories.lib

			Tell people where the bulk of your library is. Nothing special is done
			with the lib folder in any way, but it's useful meta info.

			### directories.bin

			If you specify a `bin` directory in `directories.bin`, all the files in
			that folder will be added.

			Because of the way the `bin` directive works, specifying both a
			`bin` path and setting `directories.bin` is an error. If you want to
			specify individual files, use `bin`, and for all the files in an
			existing `bin` directory, use `directories.bin`.

			### directories.man

			A folder that is full of man pages. Sugar to generate a "man" array by
			walking the folder.

			### directories.doc

			Put markdown files in here. Eventually, these will be displayed nicely,
			maybe, someday.

			### directories.example

			Put example scripts in here. Someday, it might be exposed in some clever way.

			### directories.test

			Put your tests in here. It is currently not exposed, but it might be in the
			future.

			## repository

			Specify the place where your code lives. This is helpful for people who
			want to contribute. If the git repo is on GitHub, then the `npm docs`
			command will be able to find you.

			Do it like this:

			"repository" :
			{ "type" : "git"
			, "url" : "https://github.com/npm/npm.git"
			}

			"repository" :
			{ "type" : "svn"
			, "url" : "https://v8.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/"
			}

			The URL should be a publicly available (perhaps read-only) url that can be handed
			directly to a VCS program without any modification. It should not be a url to an
			html project page that you put in your browser. It's for computers.

			For GitHub, GitHub gist, Bitbucket, or GitLab repositories you can use the same
			shortcut syntax you use for `npm install`:

			"repository": "npm/npm"

			"repository": "gist:11081aaa281"

			"repository": "bitbucket:example/repo"

			"repository": "gitlab:another/repo"

			## scripts

			The "scripts" property is a dictionary containing script commands that are run
			at various times in the lifecycle of your package. The key is the lifecycle
			event, and the value is the command to run at that point.

			See `npm-scripts(7)` to find out more about writing package scripts.

			## config

			A "config" object can be used to set configuration parameters used in package
			scripts that persist across upgrades. For instance, if a package had the
			following:

			{ "name" : "foo"
			, "config" : { "port" : "8080" } }

			and then had a "start" command that then referenced the
			`npm_package_config_port` environment variable, then the user could
			override that by doing `npm config set foo:port 8001`.

			See `npm-config(7)` and `npm-scripts(7)` for more on package
			configs.

			## dependencies

			Dependencies are specified in a simple object that maps a package name to a
			version range. The version range is a string which has one or more
			space-separated descriptors. Dependencies can also be identified with a
			tarball or git URL.

			**Please do not put test harnesses or transpilers in your
			`dependencies` object.** See `devDependencies`, below.

			See semver(7) for more details about specifying version ranges.

			* `version` Must match `version` exactly
			* `>version` Must be greater than `version`
			* `>=version` etc
			* `<version`
			* `<=version`
			* `~version` "Approximately equivalent to version" See semver(7)
			* `^version` "Compatible with version" See semver(7)
			* `1.2.x` 1.2.0, 1.2.1, etc., but not 1.3.0
			* `http://...` See 'URLs as Dependencies' below
			* `*` Matches any version
			* `""` (just an empty string) Same as `*`
			* `version1 - version2` Same as `>=version1 <=version2`.
			* `range1 \|\| range2` Passes if either range1 or range2 are satisfied.
			* `git...` See 'Git URLs as Dependencies' below
			* `user/repo` See 'GitHub URLs' below
			* `tag` A specific version tagged and published as `tag` See `npm-tag(1)`
			* `path/path/path` See [Local Paths](#local-paths) below

			For example, these are all valid:

			{ "dependencies" :
			{ "foo" : "1.0.0 - 2.9999.9999"
			, "bar" : ">=1.0.2 <2.1.2"
			, "baz" : ">1.0.2 <=2.3.4"
			, "boo" : "2.0.1"
			, "qux" : "<1.0.0 \|\| >=2.3.1 <2.4.5 \|\| >=2.5.2 <3.0.0"
			, "asd" : "http://asdf.com/asdf.tar.gz"
			, "til" : "~1.2"
			, "elf" : "~1.2.3"
			, "two" : "2.x"
			, "thr" : "3.3.x"
			, "lat" : "latest"
			, "dyl" : "file:../dyl"
			}
			}

			### URLs as Dependencies

			You may specify a tarball URL in place of a version range.

			This tarball will be downloaded and installed locally to your package at
			install time.

			### Git URLs as Dependencies

			Git urls can be of the form:

			git://github.com/user/project.git#commit-ish
			git+ssh://user@hostname:project.git#commit-ish
			git+ssh://user@hostname/project.git#commit-ish
			git+http://user@hostname/project/blah.git#commit-ish
			git+https://user@hostname/project/blah.git#commit-ish

			The `commit-ish` can be any tag, sha, or branch which can be supplied as
			an argument to `git checkout`. The default is `master`.

			## GitHub URLs

			As of version 1.1.65, you can refer to GitHub urls as just "foo":
			"user/foo-project". Just as with git URLs, a `commit-ish` suffix can be
			included. For example:

			{
			"name": "foo",
			"version": "0.0.0",
			"dependencies": {
			"express": "visionmedia/express",
			"mocha": "visionmedia/mocha#4727d357ea"
			}
			}

			## Local Paths

			As of version 2.0.0 you can provide a path to a local directory that contains a
			package. Local paths can be saved using `npm install -S` or
			`npm install --save`, using any of these forms:

			../foo/bar
			~/foo/bar
			./foo/bar
			/foo/bar

			in which case they will be normalized to a relative path and added to your
			`package.json`. For example:

			{
			"name": "baz",
			"dependencies": {
			"bar": "file:../foo/bar"
			}
			}

			This feature is helpful for local offline development and creating
			tests that require npm installing where you don't want to hit an
			external server, but should not be used when publishing packages
			to the public registry.

			## devDependencies

			If someone is planning on downloading and using your module in their
			program, then they probably don't want or need to download and build
			the external test or documentation framework that you use.

			In this case, it's best to map these additional items in a `devDependencies`
			object.

			These things will be installed when doing `npm link` or `npm install`
			from the root of a package, and can be managed like any other npm
			configuration param. See `npm-config(7)` for more on the topic.

			For build steps that are not platform-specific, such as compiling
			CoffeeScript or other languages to JavaScript, use the `prepublish`
			script to do this, and make the required package a devDependency.

			For example:

			{ "name": "ethopia-waza",
			"description": "a delightfully fruity coffee varietal",
			"version": "1.2.3",
			"devDependencies": {
			"coffee-script": "~1.6.3"
			},
			"scripts": {
			"prepublish": "coffee -o lib/ -c src/waza.coffee"
			},
			"main": "lib/waza.js"
			}

			The `prepublish` script will be run before publishing, so that users
			can consume the functionality without requiring them to compile it
			themselves. In dev mode (ie, locally running `npm install`), it'll
			run this script as well, so that you can test it easily.

			## peerDependencies

			In some cases, you want to express the compatibility of your package with a
			host tool or library, while not necessarily doing a `require` of this host.
			This is usually referred to as a plugin. Notably, your module may be exposing
			a specific interface, expected and specified by the host documentation.

			For example:

			{
			"name": "tea-latte",
			"version": "1.3.5",
			"peerDependencies": {
			"tea": "2.x"
			}
			}

			This ensures your package `tea-latte` can be installed along with the second
			major version of the host package `tea` only. `npm install tea-latte` could
			possibly yield the following dependency graph:

			├── tea-latte@1.3.5
			└── tea@2.2.0

			**NOTE: npm versions 1 and 2 will automatically install `peerDependencies` if
			they are not explicitly depended upon higher in the dependency tree. In the
			next major version of npm (npm@3), this will no longer be the case. You will
			receive a warning that the peerDependency is not installed instead.** The
			behavior in npms 1 & 2 was frequently confusing and could easily put you into
			dependency hell, a situation that npm is designed to avoid as much as possible.

			Trying to install another plugin with a conflicting requirement will cause an
			error. For this reason, make sure your plugin requirement is as broad as
			possible, and not to lock it down to specific patch versions.

			Assuming the host complies with [semver](http://semver.org/), only changes in
			the host package's major version will break your plugin. Thus, if you've worked
			with every 1.x version of the host package, use `"^1.0"` or `"1.x"` to express
			this. If you depend on features introduced in 1.5.2, use `">= 1.5.2 < 2"`.

			## bundledDependencies

			This defines an array of package names that will be bundled when publishing
			the package.

			In cases where you need to preserve npm packages locally or have them
			available through a single file download, you can bundle the packages in a
			tarball file by specifying the package names in the `bundledDependencies`
			array and executing `npm pack`.

			For example:

			If we define a package.json like this:

			```
			{
			"name": "awesome-web-framework",
			"version": "1.0.0",
			"bundledDependencies": [
			'renderized', 'super-streams'
			]
			}
			```
			we can obtain `awesome-web-framework-1.0.0.tgz` file by running `npm pack`.
			This file contains the dependencies `renderized` and `super-streams` which
			can be installed in a new project by executing `npm install
			awesome-web-framework-1.0.0.tgz`.

			If this is spelled `"bundleDependencies"`, then that is also honored.

			## optionalDependencies

			If a dependency can be used, but you would like npm to proceed if it cannot be
			found or fails to install, then you may put it in the `optionalDependencies`
			object. This is a map of package name to version or url, just like the
			`dependencies` object. The difference is that build failures do not cause
			installation to fail.

			It is still your program's responsibility to handle the lack of the
			dependency. For example, something like this:

			try {
			var foo = require('foo')
			var fooVersion = require('foo/package.json').version
			} catch (er) {
			foo = null
			}
			if ( notGoodFooVersion(fooVersion) ) {
			foo = null
			}

			// .. then later in your program ..

			if (foo) {
			foo.doFooThings()
			}

			Entries in `optionalDependencies` will override entries of the same name in
			`dependencies`, so it's usually best to only put in one place.

			## engines

			You can specify the version of node that your stuff works on:

			{ "engines" : { "node" : ">=0.10.3 <0.12" } }

			And, like with dependencies, if you don't specify the version (or if you
			specify "\*" as the version), then any version of node will do.

			If you specify an "engines" field, then npm will require that "node" be
			somewhere on that list. If "engines" is omitted, then npm will just assume
			that it works on node.

			You can also use the "engines" field to specify which versions of npm
			are capable of properly installing your program. For example:

			{ "engines" : { "npm" : "~1.0.20" } }

			Unless the user has set the `engine-strict` config flag, this
			field is advisory only will produce warnings when your package is installed as a dependency.

			## engineStrict

			This feature was removed in npm 3.0.0

			Prior to npm 3.0.0, this feature was used to treat this package as if the
			user had set `engine-strict`. It is no longer used.

			## os

			You can specify which operating systems your
			module will run on:

			"os" : [ "darwin", "linux" ]

			You can also blacklist instead of whitelist operating systems,
			just prepend the blacklisted os with a '!':

			"os" : [ "!win32" ]

			The host operating system is determined by `process.platform`

			It is allowed to both blacklist, and whitelist, although there isn't any
			good reason to do this.

			## cpu

			If your code only runs on certain cpu architectures,
			you can specify which ones.

			"cpu" : [ "x64", "ia32" ]

			Like the `os` option, you can also blacklist architectures:

			"cpu" : [ "!arm", "!mips" ]

			The host architecture is determined by `process.arch`

			## preferGlobal

			If your package is primarily a command-line application that should be
			installed globally, then set this value to `true` to provide a warning
			if it is installed locally.

			It doesn't actually prevent users from installing it locally, but it
			does help prevent some confusion if it doesn't work as expected.

			## private

			If you set `"private": true` in your package.json, then npm will refuse
			to publish it.

			This is a way to prevent accidental publication of private repositories. If
			you would like to ensure that a given package is only ever published to a
			specific registry (for example, an internal registry), then use the
			`publishConfig` dictionary described below to override the `registry` config
			param at publish-time.

			## publishConfig

			This is a set of config values that will be used at publish-time. It's
			especially handy if you want to set the tag, registry or access, so that
			you can ensure that a given package is not tagged with "latest", published
			to the global public registry or that a scoped module is private by default.

			Any config values can be overridden, but of course only "tag", "registry" and
			"access" probably matter for the purposes of publishing.

			See `npm-config(7)` to see the list of config options that can be
			overridden.

			## DEFAULT VALUES

			npm will default some values based on package contents.

			* `"scripts": {"start": "node server.js"}`

			If there is a `server.js` file in the root of your package, then npm
			will default the `start` command to `node server.js`.

			* `"scripts":{"install": "node-gyp rebuild"}`

			If there is a `binding.gyp` file in the root of your package and you have not defined an `install` or `preinstall` script, npm will
			default the `install` command to compile using node-gyp.

			* `"contributors": [...]`

			If there is an `AUTHORS` file in the root of your package, npm will
			treat each line as a `Name <email> (url)` format, where email and url
			are optional. Lines which start with a `#` or are blank, will be
			ignored.

			## SEE ALSO

			* semver(7)
			* npm-init(1)
			* npm-version(1)
			* npm-config(1)
			* npm-config(7)
			* npm-help(1)
			* npm-install(1)
			* npm-publish(1)
			* npm-uninstall(1)

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