Test out changes with clang/OSX each PR using Travis CI

This will help ensure that test coverage isn't missed when changes that
can impact OSX with clang are submitted. Although not perfect, testing
changes on OSX with clang is an ok proxy [for now] for testing changes on
FreeBSD with clang (testing on FreeBSD is non-trivial, as Travis CI doesn't
support operating systems other than Linux and OSX).

In order to support this, install the packages via homebrew using a
addons::homebrew::packages block (similar to addons::apt::packages
for Ubuntu), as documented in the Travis CI docs
( https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/installing-dependencies/ ). While
here, try pushing apt* calls into the Travis config for Ubuntu, instead
of delaying the equivalent calls in the ci/*.sh scripts. Keep the
ci/*.sh scripts for ease of testing locally (and extend the OSX one to
install gcc 4.9 and llvm 3.9, like the travis config does).

In order to accomodate this change (and because the homebrew package for
llvm@3.9 doesn't automatically add clang*-3.9 to $PATH), $PATH needs
to be adjusted to find the llvm@3.9 toolchain.

Signed-off-by: Enji Cooper <yaneurabeya@gmail.com>