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thermo_style.txt
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"LAMMPS WWW Site"_lws - "LAMMPS Documentation"_ld - "LAMMPS Commands"_lc :c
:link(lws,http://lammps.sandia.gov)
:link(ld,Manual.html)
:link(lc,Section_commands.html#comm)
:line
thermo_style command :h3
[Syntax:]
thermo_style style args :pre
style = {one} or {multi} or {custom} :ulb,l
args = list of arguments for a particular style :l
{one} args = none
{multi} args = none
{custom} args = list of keywords
possible keywords = step, elapsed, elaplong, dt, time,
cpu, tpcpu, spcpu, cpuremain, part, timeremain,
atoms, temp, press, pe, ke, etotal, enthalpy,
evdwl, ecoul, epair, ebond, eangle, edihed, eimp,
emol, elong, etail,
vol, density, lx, ly, lz, xlo, xhi, ylo, yhi, zlo, zhi,
xy, xz, yz, xlat, ylat, zlat,
bonds, angles, dihedrals, impropers,
pxx, pyy, pzz, pxy, pxz, pyz,
fmax, fnorm, nbuild, ndanger,
cella, cellb, cellc, cellalpha, cellbeta, cellgamma,
c_ID, c_ID\[I\], c_ID\[I\]\[J\],
f_ID, f_ID\[I\], f_ID\[I\]\[J\],
v_name, v_name\[I\]
step = timestep
elapsed = timesteps since start of this run
elaplong = timesteps since start of initial run in a series of runs
dt = timestep size
time = simulation time
cpu = elapsed CPU time in seconds since start of this run
tpcpu = time per CPU second
spcpu = timesteps per CPU second
cpuremain = estimated CPU time remaining in run
part = which partition (0 to Npartition-1) this is
timeremain = remaining time in seconds on timer timeout.
atoms = # of atoms
temp = temperature
press = pressure
pe = total potential energy
ke = kinetic energy
etotal = total energy (pe + ke)
enthalpy = enthalpy (etotal + press*vol)
evdwl = VanderWaal pairwise energy (includes etail)
ecoul = Coulombic pairwise energy
epair = pairwise energy (evdwl + ecoul + elong)
ebond = bond energy
eangle = angle energy
edihed = dihedral energy
eimp = improper energy
emol = molecular energy (ebond + eangle + edihed + eimp)
elong = long-range kspace energy
etail = VanderWaal energy long-range tail correction
vol = volume
density = mass density of system
lx,ly,lz = box lengths in x,y,z
xlo,xhi,ylo,yhi,zlo,zhi = box boundaries
xy,xz,yz = box tilt for triclinic (non-orthogonal) simulation boxes
xlat,ylat,zlat = lattice spacings as calculated by "lattice"_lattice.html command
bonds,angles,dihedrals,impropers = # of these interactions defined
pxx,pyy,pzz,pxy,pxz,pyz = 6 components of pressure tensor
fmax = max component of force on any atom in any dimension
fnorm = length of force vector for all atoms
nbuild = # of neighbor list builds
ndanger = # of dangerous neighbor list builds
cella,cellb,cellc = periodic cell lattice constants a,b,c
cellalpha, cellbeta, cellgamma = periodic cell angles alpha,beta,gamma
c_ID = global scalar value calculated by a compute with ID
c_ID\[I\] = Ith component of global vector calculated by a compute with ID, I can include wildcard (see below)
c_ID\[I\]\[J\] = I,J component of global array calculated by a compute with ID
f_ID = global scalar value calculated by a fix with ID
f_ID\[I\] = Ith component of global vector calculated by a fix with ID, I can include wildcard (see below)
f_ID\[I\]\[J\] = I,J component of global array calculated by a fix with ID
v_name = value calculated by an equal-style variable with name
v_name\[I\] = value calculated by a vector-style variable with name :pre
:ule
[Examples:]
thermo_style multi
thermo_style custom step temp pe etotal press vol
thermo_style custom step temp etotal c_myTemp v_abc
thermo_style custom step temp etotal c_myTemp\[*\] v_abc :pre
[Description:]
Set the style and content for printing thermodynamic data to the
screen and log file.
Style {one} prints a one-line summary of thermodynamic info that is
the equivalent of "thermo_style custom step temp epair emol etotal
press". The line contains only numeric values.
Style {multi} prints a multiple-line listing of thermodynamic info
that is the equivalent of "thermo_style custom etotal ke temp pe ebond
eangle edihed eimp evdwl ecoul elong press". The listing contains
numeric values and a string ID for each quantity.
Style {custom} is the most general setting and allows you to specify
which of the keywords listed above you want printed on each
thermodynamic timestep. Note that the keywords c_ID, f_ID, v_name are
references to "computes"_compute.html, "fixes"_fix.html, and
equal-style "variables"_variable.html that have been defined
elsewhere in the input script or can even be new styles which users
have added to LAMMPS (see the "Section 10"_Section_modify.html
section of the documentation). Thus the {custom} style provides a
flexible means of outputting essentially any desired quantity as a
simulation proceeds.
All styles except {custom} have {vol} appended to their list of
outputs if the simulation box volume changes during the simulation.
The values printed by the various keywords are instantaneous values,
calculated on the current timestep. Time-averaged quantities, which
include values from previous timesteps, can be output by using the
f_ID keyword and accessing a fix that does time-averaging such as the
"fix ave/time"_fix_ave_time.html command.
Options invoked by the "thermo_modify"_thermo_modify.html command can
be used to set the one- or multi-line format of the print-out, the
normalization of thermodynamic output (total values versus per-atom
values for extensive quantities (ones which scale with the number of
atoms in the system), and the numeric precision of each printed value.
NOTE: When you use a "thermo_style" command, all thermodynamic
settings are restored to their default values, including those
previously set by a "thermo_modify"_thermo_modify.html command. Thus
if your input script specifies a thermo_style command, you should use
the thermo_modify command after it.
:line
Several of the thermodynamic quantities require a temperature to be
computed: "temp", "press", "ke", "etotal", "enthalpy", "pxx", etc. By
default this is done by using a {temperature} compute which is created
when LAMMPS starts up, as if this command had been issued:
compute thermo_temp all temp :pre
See the "compute temp"_compute_temp.html command for details. Note
that the ID of this compute is {thermo_temp} and the group is {all}.
You can change the attributes of this temperature (e.g. its
degrees-of-freedom) via the "compute_modify"_compute_modify.html
command. Alternatively, you can directly assign a new compute (that
calculates temperature) which you have defined, to be used for
calculating any thermodynamic quantity that requires a temperature.
This is done via the "thermo_modify"_thermo_modify.html command.
Several of the thermodynamic quantities require a pressure to be
computed: "press", "enthalpy", "pxx", etc. By default this is done by
using a {pressure} compute which is created when LAMMPS starts up, as
if this command had been issued:
compute thermo_press all pressure thermo_temp :pre
See the "compute pressure"_compute_pressure.html command for details.
Note that the ID of this compute is {thermo_press} and the group is
{all}. You can change the attributes of this pressure via the
"compute_modify"_compute_modify.html command. Alternatively, you can
directly assign a new compute (that calculates pressure) which you
have defined, to be used for calculating any thermodynamic quantity
that requires a pressure. This is done via the
"thermo_modify"_thermo_modify.html command.
Several of the thermodynamic quantities require a potential energy to
be computed: "pe", "etotal", "ebond", etc. This is done by using a
{pe} compute which is created when LAMMPS starts up, as if this
command had been issued:
compute thermo_pe all pe :pre
See the "compute pe"_compute_pe.html command for details. Note that
the ID of this compute is {thermo_pe} and the group is {all}. You can
change the attributes of this potential energy via the
"compute_modify"_compute_modify.html command.
:line
The kinetic energy of the system {ke} is inferred from the temperature
of the system with 1/2 Kb T of energy for each degree of freedom.
Thus, using different "compute commands"_compute.html for calculating
temperature, via the "thermo_modify temp"_thermo_modify.html command,
may yield different kinetic energies, since different computes that
calculate temperature can subtract out different non-thermal
components of velocity and/or include different degrees of freedom
(translational, rotational, etc).
The potential energy of the system {pe} will include contributions
from fixes if the "fix_modify thermo"_fix_modify.html option is set
for a fix that calculates such a contribution. For example, the "fix
wall/lj93"_fix_wall.html fix calculates the energy of atoms
interacting with the wall. See the doc pages for "individual fixes"
to see which ones contribute.
A long-range tail correction {etail} for the VanderWaal pairwise
energy will be non-zero only if the "pair_modify
tail"_pair_modify.html option is turned on. The {etail} contribution
is included in {evdwl}, {epair}, {pe}, and {etotal}, and the
corresponding tail correction to the pressure is included in {press}
and {pxx}, {pyy}, etc.
:line
The {step}, {elapsed}, and {elaplong} keywords refer to timestep
count. {Step} is the current timestep, or iteration count when a
"minimization"_minimize.html is being performed. {Elapsed} is the
number of timesteps elapsed since the beginning of this run.
{Elaplong} is the number of timesteps elapsed since the beginning of
an initial run in a series of runs. See the {start} and {stop}
keywords for the "run"_run.html for info on how to invoke a series of
runs that keep track of an initial starting time. If these keywords
are not used, then {elapsed} and {elaplong} are the same value.
The {dt} keyword is the current timestep size in time
"units"_units.html. The {time} keyword is the current elapsed
simulation time, also in time "units"_units.html, which is simply
(step*dt) if the timestep size has not changed and the timestep has
not been reset. If the timestep has changed (e.g. via "fix
dt/reset"_fix_dt_reset.html) or the timestep has been reset (e.g. via
the "reset_timestep" command), then the simulation time is effectively
a cumulative value up to the current point.
The {cpu} keyword is elapsed CPU seconds since the beginning of this
run. The {tpcpu} and {spcpu} keywords are measures of how fast your
simulation is currently running. The {tpcpu} keyword is simulation
time per CPU second, where simulation time is in time
"units"_units.html. E.g. for metal units, the {tpcpu} value would be
picoseconds per CPU second. The {spcpu} keyword is the number of
timesteps per CPU second. Both quantities are on-the-fly metrics,
measured relative to the last time they were invoked. Thus if you are
printing out thermodynamic output every 100 timesteps, the two keywords
will continually output the time and timestep rate for the last 100
steps. The {tpcpu} keyword does not attempt to track any changes in
timestep size, e.g. due to using the "fix dt/reset"_fix_dt_reset.html
command.
The {cpuremain} keyword estimates the CPU time remaining in the
current run, based on the time elapsed thus far. It will only be a
good estimate if the CPU time/timestep for the rest of the run is
similar to the preceding timesteps. On the initial timestep the value
will be 0.0 since there is no history to estimate from. For a
minimization run performed by the "minimize" command, the estimate is
based on the {maxiter} parameter, assuming the minimization will
proceed for the maximum number of allowed iterations.
The {part} keyword is useful for multi-replica or multi-partition
simulations to indicate which partition this output and this file
corresponds to, or for use in a "variable"_variable.html to append to
a filename for output specific to this partition. See "Section
2.6"_Section_start.html#start_6 of the manual for details on running
in multi-partition mode.
The {timeremain} keyword returns the remaining seconds when a
timeout has been configured via the "timer timeout"_timer.html command.
If the timeout timer is inactive, the value of this keyword is 0.0 and
if the timer is expired, it is negative. This allows for example to exit
loops cleanly, if the timeout is expired with:
if "$(timeremain) < 0.0" then "quit 0" :pre
The {fmax} and {fnorm} keywords are useful for monitoring the progress
of an "energy minimization"_minimize.html. The {fmax} keyword
calculates the maximum force in any dimension on any atom in the
system, or the infinity-norm of the force vector for the system. The
{fnorm} keyword calculates the 2-norm or length of the force vector.
The {nbuild} and {ndanger} keywords are useful for monitoring neighbor
list builds during a run. Note that both these values are also
printed with the end-of-run statistics. The {nbuild} keyword is the
number of re-builds during the current run. The {ndanger} keyword is
the number of re-builds that LAMMPS considered potentially
"dangerous". If atom movement triggered neighbor list rebuilding (see
the "neigh_modify"_neigh_modify.html command), then dangerous
reneighborings are those that were triggered on the first timestep
atom movement was checked for. If this count is non-zero you may wish
to reduce the delay factor to insure no force interactions are missed
by atoms moving beyond the neighbor skin distance before a rebuild
takes place.
The keywords {cella}, {cellb}, {cellc}, {cellalpha}, {cellbeta},
{cellgamma}, correspond to the usual crystallographic quantities that
define the periodic unit cell of a crystal. See "this
section"_Section_howto.html#howto_12 of the doc pages for a geometric
description of triclinic periodic cells, including a precise definition
of these quantities in terms of the internal LAMMPS cell dimensions
{lx}, {ly}, {lz}, {yz}, {xz}, {xy}.
:line
For output values from a compute or fix, the bracketed index I used to
index a vector, as in {c_ID\[I\]} or {f_ID\[I\]}, can be specified
using a wildcard asterisk with the index to effectively specify
multiple values. This takes the form "*" or "*n" or "n*" or "m*n".
If N = the size of the vector (for {mode} = scalar) or the number of
columns in the array (for {mode} = vector), then an asterisk with no
numeric values means all indices from 1 to N. A leading asterisk
means all indices from 1 to n (inclusive). A trailing asterisk means
all indices from n to N (inclusive). A middle asterisk means all
indices from m to n (inclusive).
Using a wildcard is the same as if the individual elements of the
vector had been listed one by one. E.g. these 2 thermo_style commands
are equivalent, since the "compute temp"_compute_temp.html command
creates a global vector with 6 values.
compute myTemp all temp
thermo_style custom step temp etotal c_myTemp\[*\]
thermo_style custom step temp etotal &
c_myTemp\[1\] c_myTemp\[2\] c_myTemp\[3\] &
c_myTemp\[4\] c_myTemp\[5\] c_myTemp\[6\] :pre
:line
The {c_ID} and {c_ID\[I\]} and {c_ID\[I\]\[J\]} keywords allow global
values calculated by a compute to be output. As discussed on the
"compute"_compute.html doc page, computes can calculate global,
per-atom, or local values. Only global values can be referenced by
this command. However, per-atom compute values for an individual atom
can be referenced in a "variable"_variable.html and the variable
referenced by thermo_style custom, as discussed below. See the
discussion above for how the I in {c_ID\[I\]} can be specified with a
wildcard asterisk to effectively specify multiple values from a global
compute vector.
The ID in the keyword should be replaced by the actual ID of a compute
that has been defined elsewhere in the input script. See the
"compute"_compute.html command for details. If the compute calculates
a global scalar, vector, or array, then the keyword formats with 0, 1,
or 2 brackets will reference a scalar value from the compute.
Note that some computes calculate "intensive" global quantities like
temperature; others calculate "extensive" global quantities like
kinetic energy that are summed over all atoms in the compute group.
Intensive quantities are printed directly without normalization by
thermo_style custom. Extensive quantities may be normalized by the
total number of atoms in the simulation (NOT the number of atoms in
the compute group) when output, depending on the "thermo_modify
norm"_thermo_modify.html option being used.
The {f_ID} and {f_ID\[I\]} and {f_ID\[I\]\[J\]} keywords allow global
values calculated by a fix to be output. As discussed on the
"fix"_fix.html doc page, fixes can calculate global, per-atom, or
local values. Only global values can be referenced by this command.
However, per-atom fix values can be referenced for an individual atom
in a "variable"_variable.html and the variable referenced by
thermo_style custom, as discussed below. See the discussion above for
how the I in {f_ID\[I\]} can be specified with a wildcard asterisk to
effectively specify multiple values from a global fix vector.
The ID in the keyword should be replaced by the actual ID of a fix
that has been defined elsewhere in the input script. See the
"fix"_fix.html command for details. If the fix calculates a global
scalar, vector, or array, then the keyword formats with 0, 1, or 2
brackets will reference a scalar value from the fix.
Note that some fixes calculate "intensive" global quantities like
timestep size; others calculate "extensive" global quantities like
energy that are summed over all atoms in the fix group. Intensive
quantities are printed directly without normalization by thermo_style
custom. Extensive quantities may be normalized by the total number of
atoms in the simulation (NOT the number of atoms in the fix group)
when output, depending on the "thermo_modify norm"_thermo_modify.html
option being used.
The {v_name} keyword allow the current value of a variable to be
output. The name in the keyword should be replaced by the variable
name that has been defined elsewhere in the input script. Only
equal-style and vector-style variables can be referenced; the latter
requires a bracketed term to specify the Ith element of the vector
calculated by the variable. However, an atom-style variable can be
referenced for an individual atom by an equal-style variable and that
variable referenced. See the "variable"_variable.html command for
details. Variables of style {equal} and {vector} and {atom} define a
formula which can reference per-atom properties or thermodynamic
keywords, or they can invoke other computes, fixes, or variables when
evaluated, so this is a very general means of creating thermodynamic
output.
Note that equal-style and vector-style variables are assumed to
produce "intensive" global quantities, which are thus printed as-is,
without normalization by thermo_style custom. You can include a
division by "natoms" in the variable formula if this is not the case.
:line
[Restrictions:]
This command must come after the simulation box is defined by a
"read_data"_read_data.html, "read_restart"_read_restart.html, or
"create_box"_create_box.html command.
[Related commands:]
"thermo"_thermo.html, "thermo_modify"_thermo_modify.html,
"fix_modify"_fix_modify.html, "compute temp"_compute_temp.html,
"compute pressure"_compute_pressure.html
[Default:]
thermo_style one :pre
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